Chapter published in:
Imperatives and Directive Strategies
Edited by Daniël Van Olmen and Simone Heinold
[Studies in Language Companion Series 184] 2017

Imperatives and other directives in the Polynesian languages

| University of Auckland
| University of Auckland
The languages of the Polynesian family exhibit considerable homogeneity with respect to various linguistic patterns. This state of affairs is reflected in imperative constructions, in which canonical imperatives form a comparatively tight core. At the same time, and as is typical of other constructions in Polynesian, there is notable variation to be found, especially in non-canonical imperatives, modifiers in imperatives and other directives. It is the goal of this chapter to document some of the different strategies for forming imperatives and directives in the Polynesian languages, situating these patterns in the larger discussion surrounding the typology of imperatives.
Published online: 11 April 2017
https://doi.org/10.1075/slcs.184.06bro
References

References

Académie Tahitienne
1986 Grammaire de la Langue Tahitienne. Papeete: Fare Vanaʻa.Google Scholar
Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y.
2010 Imperatives and Commands. Oxford: OUP.Google Scholar
Allardice, Ron W.
2000 A Simplified Dictionary of Modern Samoan. Auckland: Pasifika Press.Google Scholar
Bauer, Winifred
1993 Maori. London: Routledge. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Besnier, Niko
1981 Tuvaluan Lexicon. Funafuti: United States Peace Corps.Google Scholar
2000 Tuvaluan. A Polynesian Language of the Central Pacific. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Biggs, Bruce
1998 Let’s Learn Maori. A Guide to the Study of the Maori Language. Auckland: Auckland University Press.Google Scholar
Birjulin, Leonid A. & Victor, S. Xrakovskij
2001 Imperative sentences: Theoretical problems. In Typology of Imperative Constructions, Victor S. Xrakovskij (ed.), 3–50. Munich: Lincom.Google Scholar
Brown, Jason
2015 The minimal phonological phrase: Evidence from Māori. Oceanic Linguistics 54(2):531–557. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Brown, Jason & Koch, Karsten
2016 Focus and change in Polynesian languages. Australian Journal of Linguistics 36(3): 304–349. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Buse, Jasper & Taringa, Ruatuti
1996 Cook Islands Maori Dictionary. With English-Cook Islands Maori Finderlist. Canberra: Australian National University.Google Scholar
Cablitz, Gabriele H.
2006 Marquesan. A Grammar of Space. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Carpentier, Tai Tepuaoterā Turepu & Beaumont, Clive
1995 Kai Kōrero. A Cook Islands Maori Language Coursebook. Auckland: Pasifika Press.Google Scholar
Chung, Sandra
1978 Case Marking and Grammatical Relations in Polynesian. Austin TX: University of Texas Press.Google Scholar
Churchward, C. Maxwell
1959 Tongan Dictionary (Tongan-English and English-Tongan). London: OUP.Google Scholar
1985 Tongan Grammar. Nukuʻalofa: Vavaʻu Press.Google Scholar
Clark, Ross
1976 Aspects of Proto-Polynesian Syntax. Auckland: Linguistic Society of New Zealand.Google Scholar
1994 The Polynesian outliers as a locus of language contact. In Language Contact and Change in the Austronesian World, Tom Dutton & Darrell T. Tryon (eds), 109–139. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Coppenrath, Hubert & Prevost, Paul
1975 Grammaire Approfondie de la Langue Tahitienne (Ancienne et Moderne). Papeete: Librairie Pureora.Google Scholar
Devos, Maud & Van Olmen, Daniël
2013 Describing and explaining the variation of Bantu imperatives and prohibitives. Studies in Language 37(1): 1–57. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Du Feu, Veronica
1996 Rapanui. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Elbert, Samuel H. & Pukui, Mary Kawena
1979 Hawaiian Grammar. Honolulu HI: University Press of Hawaii.Google Scholar
Fuentes, Jordi
1960 Diccionario y Gramática de la Lengua de la Isla de Pascua. Pascuense-Castellano, Castellano-Pascuense. Dictionary and Grammar of the Easter Island Language. Pascuense-English, English-Pascuense. Santiago: Editorial Andrés Bello.Google Scholar
Hooper, Robin
1993 Studies in Tokelauan Syntax. PhD dissertation, University of Auckland.Google Scholar
1996 Tokelauan. Munich: Lincom.Google Scholar
Hopkins, Alberta Pualani
1992 Ka Lei Haʻaheo. Beginning Hawaiian. Honolulu HI: University of Hawaii Press.Google Scholar
Hovdhaugen, Even
2006 A Short Dictionary of the Vaeakau-Taumoko Language. Oslo: Kontiki Museum, Institute for Pacific Archaeology and Cultural History.Google Scholar
Kasevič, Vadim. B.
1988 Semantika, Sintaksis, Morfologija (Semantics, Syntax, Morphology). Moscow: Nauka.Google Scholar
Kaulima, Aiao & Beaumont, Clive
2002 Learning Niuean. Combined Edition – Tohi Ako Vagahau Niue. Auckland: C. H. & D. J. M. Beaumont.Google Scholar
Kingstone, Taria
2008 Te Pepe Kuki Airani. A Beginners Guide to Cook Islands Maori. Auckland: University of Auckland.Google Scholar
Lazard, Gilbert & Peltzer, Louise
2000 Structure de la Langue Tahitienne. Paris: Peeters.Google Scholar
Le Cléac’h, Hervé
1997 Pona Teʻao Tapapatina. Lexique Marquisien-Français. Papeete: STP Multipress.Google Scholar
Lemaître, Yves
1973 Lexique du Tahitien Contemporain. Tahitien-Français, Français-Tahitien. Paris: Office de la Recherche Scientifique et Technique Outre-Mer.Google Scholar
Lynch, John, Ross, Malcolm & Crowley, Terry
2002 The Oceanic Languages. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
McEwen, Jock M.
1970 Niue Dictionary. Wellington: Department of Maori and Island Affairs.Google Scholar
Mosel, Ulrike & Hovdhaugen, Even
1992 Samoan Reference Grammar. Oslo: Scandinavian University Press.Google Scholar
Mutu, Margaret & Teìkitutoua, Ben
2002 Ùa Pou. Aspects of a Marquesan Dialect. Canberra: Australian National University.Google Scholar
Næss, Åshild & Hovdhaugen, Even
2011 A Grammar of Vaeakau-Taumako. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Pukui, Mary Kawena & Elbert, Samuel H.
1986 Hawaiian Dictionary. Hawaiian–English, English–Hawaiian. Honolulu HI: University of Hawaii Press.Google Scholar
Ryan, Peter M.
2008 The Raupō Dictionary of Modern Māori. Auckland: Raupo.Google Scholar
Salisbury, Mary C.
2002 A Grammar of Pukapukan. PhD dissertation, University of Auckland.Google Scholar
Salmond, Anne
1974 A Generative Syntax of Luangiua. A Polynesia Language. The Hague: Mouton.Google Scholar
1975 A Luangiua (Ontong Java) Word List. Auckland: University of Auckland.Google Scholar
Seiter, William J.
1980 Studies in Niuean Syntax. New York NY: Garland.Google Scholar
Simona, Ropati
(ed.) 1986 Tokelau Dictionary. Apia: Office of Tokelau Affairs.Google Scholar
Sperlich, Wolfgang B.
(ed.) 1997 Tohi Vagahau Niue – Niue Language Dictionary. Niuean-English, with English-Niuean Finderlist. Niue: Government of Niue.Google Scholar
Tuʻinukuafe, Edgar
1992 A Simplified Dictionary of Modern Tongan. Auckland: Polynesian Press.Google Scholar
van der Auwera, Johan & Devos, Maud
2012 Irrealis in positive imperatives and in prohibitives. Language Sciences 34(2): 171–183. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
van der Auwera, Johan, Dobrushina, Nina, & Goussev, Valentin
2013 Imperative-hortative systems. In The World Atlas of Language Structures Online, Matthew S. Dryer & Martin Haspelmath (eds), Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.Google Scholar
Yasuda, Ayako
1968 The Structure of the Penrhyn Phrase. MA dissertation, University of Hawaii.Google Scholar
Zewen, Père François
1987 Introduction à la Langue des Îles Marquises. Le Parler de Nukuhiva – Hamani Ha ʻAvivini ʻI Te ʻEo ʻEnana. Kohuʻotetua. Papeete: Éditions Haere Po No Tahiti.Google Scholar