The Evaluation of Language Regimes
Theory and application to multilingual patent organisations
| Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin
Building on existing analytical frameworks, this book provides a new methodology allowing different language policies in international multilingual organisations (or “language regimes”) to be compared and evaluated on the basis of criteria such as efficiency and fairness. It explains step-by-step how to organise the evaluation of language regimes and how to design and interpret indicators for such evaluation. The second part of this book applies the theoretical framework to the evaluation of the language policy of the Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT) division of the World Intellectual Property Organisation (WIPO) and the European Patent Office (EPO). Results show that an increase in linguistic diversity of the language regimes of patent organisations can both improve the efficiency of the patent system and lead to a more balanced distribution of costs among countries. This book is a resource for scholars in language policy and planning and for policy-makers in the international and European patent system.
[Multilingualism and Diversity Management, 3] 2014. xxi, 380 pp.
Publishing status: Available
© John Benjamins
Table of Contents
List of figures
|
ix–xii
|
List of tables
|
xiii–xvi
|
List of abbreviations
|
xvii–xx
|
Acknowledgements
|
xxi–xxii
|
Introduction
|
1–6
|
Setting the scene
|
|
Chapter 1. The need for evaluation in language policy
|
9–34
|
Part I. Theory
|
|
Chapter 2. The criteria of efficiency and fairness
|
37–62
|
Chapter 3. Multilingual communication as an object
of evaluation
|
63–84
|
Chapter 4. The evaluation process
|
85–112
|
Chapter 5. Indicators
|
113–144
|
Part II. Application to multilingual patent organisations
|
|
Chapter 6. Multilingualism and patents
|
147–194
|
Chapter 7. The language regime of the PCT system
|
195–274
|
Chapter 8. The language regime of the EPO
|
275–320
|
Conclusions
|
|
Chapter 9. Summary and perspectives
|
323–342
|
Annexes and bibliography
|
|
Appendices
|
345–354
|
References
|
355–372
|
Index
|
373–380
|
“Despite the inherent difficulty of tackling topics pertaining to multiple disciplines, Michele Gazzola manages to bring together the theory, methodology and application of language regime evaluation, and he does so with remarkable consistency using the tools of economic analysis. The result is an easy-to-follow, yet analytically rigorous, interdisciplinary text: a must-have for scholars in language policy and planning, as well as researchers in intellectual property.”
Claudio Sfreddo, Université de Lausanne
“This study is an important contribution to the intricacies of multilingualism. An onset is given to the theory of language policy evaluation and this is badly needed in Europe and elsewhere. It makes this book a must for every scholar who takes multilingualism seriously.”
Piet Van de Craen, Vrije Universiteit Brussel
“The economics of language and language usage is a relatively new but fast expanding field of research. In this book Michele Gazzola sets a new standard for the analysis of language policies in international organizations. It combines a clear and concise discussion of the welfare economics basis for the evaluation of the efficiency and fairness of such policies with a detailed application to the praxis in international patent organizations. The evaluation of language policy and language planning is a discipline where traditionally ad hoc evaluation criteria tend to dominate. The combination of a stringent theoretical basis with down-to-earth applications makes Michele Gazzola’s book new and unique in the area of language policy.”
Bengt-Arne Wickström, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin
“This study, is not the final word in language policy evaluation, but it is very well done, and moves the LPP field forward by more closely integrating to it the growing sub-field of language economics, and a more disciplined approach to public policy analysis and evaluations. Gazzola is clear about what he leaves out of this study, and he is explicitly clear about where his operational definitions/conceptualizations are placed within contested areas of LPP research and evaluation. These aspects of this work strengthen the value of the study rather than constrain its utility to the field, and makes the book deserving of a close read by those involved in language policy making, language strategists, scholars, and those aspiring to be such.”
Reynaldo F. Macías, University of California, Los Angeles, in Language Problems and Language Planning Vol. 40:1 (2016)
“This volume is extremely well organized; its meticulous use of headings, tables, and figures will likely aid readers’ comprehension of the rich details and complex ideas it conveys. [...] Given its interdisciplinary nature, the text will be of interest for LPP scholars exploring new approaches to LPP research and theory, as well as evaluation experts and economists interested in the complex role language plays in various settings. Additionally, those whose work involves intellectual property rights may better recognize the impact of specific (language related) organizational decisions within the industry.”
Kathryn D. Stemper, University of Minnesota, in Language Policy, Vol. 16, pp. 485-487
References
References
Abbott, Frederick M., Thomas Cottier, and Francis Gurry
Alesina, Alberto, Reza Baqir, and William Easterly
1999 “Public Goods and Ethnic Divisions.”
The Quarterly Journal of Economics
114 (4): 1243–1284 http://www.jstor.org/stable/2586963. 

Aragonés Lumeras, Maité.
Archontopoulos, Eugenio, Dominique Guellec, Niels Stevnsborg, Bruno Van Pottelsberghe de la Potterie, and Nicolas Van Zeebroeck
Arnsperger, Christian
Arora, Ashish, Andrea Fosfuri, and Alfonso Gambardella
Aunger, Edmund A.
Baldauf, Richard B.
Bateman, Ian, Richard T. Carson, and Brett Day
Belli, Pedro
Berthoud, Anne-Claude, François Grin, and Georges Lüdi
Bezzi, Claudio
Blaug, Mark
Boardman, Anthony E., David H. Greenberg, Aidan R. Vining, and David L. Weimer
Bos, Frits
Bossert, Walter, Conchita D’Ambrosio, and Eliana La Ferrara
Bossert, Walter, Prasanta K. Pattanaik, and Yongsheng Xu
Bouchard, Pierre
2006
Langue du travail : indicateurs relatifs à l’évolution de la population active et à l’utilisation des langues au travail en 2001
[Language at the workplace: indicators on the evolution of active population and on the usage of languages in the workplace in 2011]. Québec: Office québécois de la langue française.
2008
La langue de l’enseignement : indicateurs pour l’éducation préscolaire, l’enseignement primaire et secondaire, le collégial et l’université
[The language of teaching: indicators for pre-primary education, primary and secondary education, colleges and universities]. Québec: Office québécois de la langue française.
Bourdieu, Pierre
Bourdin, Joël
Bretegnier, Aude
Breton, Albert
Cannavò, Leonardo.
Cardinal, Linda
Carey, James W.
Castillo Lluch, Mónica
Castonguay, Charles
Ceccagnoli, Marco, Alfonso Gambardella, Paola Giuri, Georg Licht, and Myriam Marian
Champ, Patricia A., Kevin J. Boyle, and Thomas C. Brown
Charaudeau, Patrick
Chiswick, Barry R.
Chua, Siew Kheng Catherine
Church, Jeffrey
Coccossis, Harry
Coddington, Alan
Colomer, Josep M.
Combeau, Jacques
Cooper, Robert L.
Corbeil, Jean-Claude
Cornes, Richard
Crystal, David
Dachsa, Bernhard
Dalmazzone, Silvana
Danguy, Jérôme
De Briey, Laurent
De Rassenfosse, Gaetan
De Schutter, Helder
Dell’Aquila, Vittorio
Desmet, Klaus, Ignacio Ortuño-Ortín, and Shlomo Weber
Di Pietrantonio, Sara
Doğançay-Aktuna, Seran.
Dunn, William N.
EPO
European Commission
2011b
Impact Assessment. Accompanying Document to the Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and the Council Implementing Enhanced Cooperation in the Area of the Creation of Unitary Patent Protection and Proposal for a Council Regulation Implementing Enhanced Cooperation in the Area of the Creation of Unitary Patent Protection with Regard to the Applicable Translation Arrangements
. SEC(2011) 482/2 - Commission Staff Working Paper. Brussels: European Commission,.
European Court of Auditors
Fabà, Albert, Pilar López, Joan Solé Carnardons, and Noemí Ubach
Fettes, Mark
Fidrmuc, Jan
Fidrmuc, Jan, Victor Ginsburgh, and Shlomo Weber
Fiedler, Sabine
Fitz-Gibbon, Carol Taylor
Francard, Michel
1993 “L’insécurité linguistique dans les communautés francophones périphériques [linguistic insecurity in French-speaking peripherical communities].”
Cahiers de l’Institut de linguistique de Louvain
19.
Franceschini, Rita
Furman, Nelly, David Goldberg, and Natalia Lusin
Gambardella, Alfonso, Paola Giuri, and Myriam Mariani
Gazzola, Michele
2006a “La gestione del multilinguismo nell’Unione europea [Managing multilingualism in the European Union.” In
Le Sfide Della Politica Linguistica Di Oggi: Fra La Valorizzazione Del Multilingualismo Migratorio Locale E Le Istanze Del Plurilinguismo Europeo
, ed. by Augusto Carli, 17–117. Milan: FrancoAngeli.
2010a “La valutazione della ricerca e l’internazionalizzazione dell’università: quali effetti sulla diversità linguistica? [The evaluation of reseach activities and the internationalisation of higher education: what effects on linguistic diversity?”
Plurilinguismo. Contatti di lingue e culture
15: 43–58.
Geva-May, Iris
Giedymin, Jerzy
Gingras, Yves
Ginsburgh, Victor A., Ignacio Ortuño Ortín, and Shlomo Weber
Ginsburgh, Victor, Ignacio Ortuño-Ortín, and Shlomo Weber
Ginsburgh, Victor
Gorter, Durk, Jasone Cenoz, Paulo Nunes, Patrizia Riganti, Laura Onofri, Barbara Puzzo, and Rajesh Sachdeva
Gosseries, Axel, Alain Marciano, and Alain Strowel
Gourdin-Lamblin, Anne-Sophie
1994b “L’identification des bénéfices de l’aménagement linguistique: la langue comme actif naturel [Identifying the benefits of language planning: language as a natural asset].” Sociolinguistic Studies and Language Planning - XVI Colloque annuel de l’association de linguistique des provinces atlantiques, Université de Moncton, 67–101.
and Michele Gazzola 2007 “Efficiency and Fairness.”
Working Papers of the DYLAN Project
Working Paper N° 1 (Deliverable 4.1): 9–31 www.dylan-project.org.
and Michele Gazzola 2009 “Efficiency and Fairness.”
Working Papers of the DYLAN project
Working Paper N° 3 (Deliverable 4.3): 8–12 www.dylan-project.org.
and Michele Gazzola 2010a “Criteria-Based Comparison in Language Policy: Principles and Methodology.”
Working Papers of the DYLAN project
Working Paper N° 5 (Deliverable 1.5): 10–45 www.dylan-project.org.
and Michele Gazzola 2010b “Multilingualism, Efficiency and Fairness: Preliminary Considerations Regarding the Role of Creativity in a Set of Structural Relationships.”
Working Papers of the DYLAN project
Working Paper N° 4 (Deliverable 4.4) www.dylan-project.org.
and Michele Gazzola 2013, forthcoming. “Assessing Efficiency and Fairness in Multilingual Communication: Theory and Application through Indicators.” In
The Dylan Book (Language Dynamics and Management of Diversity)
ed. by Anne-Claude Berthoud, François Grin, and Georges Lüdi. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Grin, François, Tom Moring, Durk Gorter, Johan Häggman, Dónall Ó Riagáin, and Miguel Strubell
Grin, François, Claudio Sfreddo, and François Vaillancourt
Grin, François
and François Vaillancourt 1998
Language Revitalisation Policy: An Analytical Survey. Theoretical Framework, Policy Experience and Application to Te Reo Maori
. Treasury Working Paper 98/6. Wellington (NZ) http://www.treasury.govt.nz/publications/research-policy/wp/1998/98-06.
Grossman, Gene M.
Guala, Francesco
Guellec, Dominique
Guidère, Mathieu.
Güth, Werner, Martin Strobel, and Bengt-Arne Wickström
Hanley, Nick
Harhoff, Dietmar
Harhoff, Dietmar, Karin Hoisl, Bettina Reichl, and Bruno Van Pottelsberghe
Harhoff, Dietmar, Karin Hoisl, and Bruno Van Pottelsberghe
Harris, Richard G.
Hjorth-Andersen, Christian
Hornberger, Nancy H.
Houbert, Frédéric
House, Juliane
ISTAT
Ivanyna, Maksym
2007 “Multilingual Societies, Benevolent Governments and Dying Languages.” Paper presented at the
Doctoral school “Economic Analysis of Heterogeneity in Social Organizations”
, Université Catholoque de Louvain, 4–7 June. https://www.msu.edu/~ivanynam/research/mulling/Ivanyna_mul_ling_2007.pdf
Ives, Peter
2007 “Cosmopolitan Anxieties and the Role of the State in Linguistic Hegemony.” Paper presented at the
3rd International Gramsci Society Conference
, Ghilarza, Oristano, 5 May 2007 http://www.gramscitalia.it/html/ives.pdf
Jaffe, Adam B., Michael S. Fogarty, and Bruce A. Banks
Jaime, Laura, Xavier Mitjà, and Joan Solé Camardons
Jernudd, Björn H.
Jernudd, Björn
Johnson, John H.
Johnson, Marc L.
Jullion, Marie-Christine
Jung, Sook Kyung
Just, Richard E., Darrell L. Hueth, and Andrew Schmitz
Kaplan, Robert B.
Keller, Rudi
Kempton, R. A.
Kennedy, Peter
and Ian King 2005 “Dynamic Language Policy.” Paper presented at the
Canadian Macroeconomics Study Group meetings
, Vancouver, 4–5 November. http://www.business.otago.ac.nz/econ/Personal/ik_files/dynamic_language_policy_05.pdf
KIPO
Knoepfel, Peter, Corinne Larrue, Frédéric Varone, and Michael Hill
Konow, James
Kudryavtsev, Eduard
Kymlicka, Will
Laitin, David
Lamizet, Bernard
Layard, Richard
Levin, Henry M.
Lieberson, Stanley
Liebowitz, Stan E.
Lo Piparo, Franco
Lüdi, Georges
(ed) 2010
Le plurilinguisme au travail entre la philosophie de l’entreprise, les représentations des acteurs et les pratiques quotidiennes
[Multilingualism in the workplace between business principles, actors’ representations and everyday practices (Acta Romanica Basiliensia, Vol. 22). Basel: Universität Basel.
Luke, Allan
Marsh, David
Mas-Colell, Andreu, Michael D. Whinston, and Jerry R. Green
Maurseth, Per Botolf
Mayer, Thomas
Mitchell, Robert C.
Mondada, Lorenza, Vassiliki Markaki, Sara Merlino, Florence Oloff, and Véronique Traverso
2013 forthcoming. “Multilingual practices in professional settings: Keeping the delicate balance between progressivity and intersubjectivity.” In
The Dylan Book (Language Dynamics and Management of Diversity)
ed. by Anne-Claude Berthoud, François Grin, and Georges Lüdi. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Moretti, Bruno, Elena Maria Pandolfi, and Matteo Casoni
2011 “Introduzione [Introduction].” In
Vitalità Di Una Lingua Minoritaria. Aspetti E Proposte Metodologiche/ Vitality of a Minority Language. Aspects and Methodological Issues
, ed. by Bruno Moretti, Elena Maria Pandolfi, and Matteo Casoni, 7–25. Bellinzona: Osservatorio Linguistico della Svizzera Italiana.
Mühlhäusler, Peter.
Mühlhäusler, Peter
and Richard Damania 2004 “Economic Costs and Benefits of Australian Indigenous Languages” Discussion Paper Prepared for Australian Government Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Services (ATSIS), University of Adelaide.
Muri Petit, Rosa
Murray, Fiona
Navrud, Ståle
Nekvapil, Jiří
Neustupný, Jiří.
OECD
Ostrom, Elinor
Palumbo, Mauro
2010 “Definizioni, approcci e usi degli indicatori nella ricerca e nella valutazione [Definitions, approches and uses of indicators in research and evaluation.” In
Gli Indicatori Sociali E Il Loro Uso Valutativo
, ed. by Claudio Bezzi, Leonardo Cannavò, and Mauro Palumbo, 19–41. Milan: FrancoAngeli.
Patil, G. P.
Patrinos, Harry Anthony
Paulré, Bernard.
Peled, Yael
Perret, Bernard
Perrin, Burt
Picci, Lucio
Pool, Jonathan
1980 “The Economics of Artificial Languages: An Exploration in Cost Minimization.” Paper presented at the
Fachtagung Angewandte Soziolinguistik
, Universität Paderborn, 19–20 June. utilika.org/pubs/etc/eal.pdf
Pool, Jonathan.
Pool, Jonathan
and Brian McFann 1992 “The Language Auction: A Nondiscriminatory Method of Choosing Official Languages.” Paper presented at the
International Symposium on Linguistic Human Rights
, Tallin, Estonia, 12–16 October 1991 http://utilika.org/pubs/etc/auction.pdf
Prioux, René
Renzi, Lorenzo.
Ricento, Thomas.
Rossi, Peter H., Mark W. Lipsey, and Howard E. Freeman
Rubin, Joan.
Rubin, Joan
Schegloff, Emanuel A.
Screpanti, Ernesto
Secretaria de Política Lingüística
Seleskovitch, Danica, Barbara Moser, Jean Klein, and Marianne Lederer
Selten, Reinhard
Sen, Amartya K.
Simó, Montse, Joan Solé i Comardons, and Anna Torrijos
Solé Camardons, Joan.
Solé Camardons, Joan
Song, Jae Jung.
Stame, Nicoletta.
Stiglitz, Joseph.
Stirling, Andy.
Taylor, Charles L.
Thorburn, Thomas.
Tollefson, James W.
Tritton, Guy
UNESCO
Vaillancourt, François.
Vaillancourt, François
Vaillancourt, François.
1985b. “Les écrits en économie de la langue : brève revue et introduction au recueil [Writings in language economics: short overview and introduction].” In
Économie Et Langues
, ed. by François Vaillancourt, 11–25. Québec: Conseil de la langue française.
Vaillancourt, François
Van Pottelsberghe, Bruno
Van Zeebroeck, Nicolas, Bruno Van Pottelsberghe de la Potterie, and Dominique Guellec
Varian, Hal R.
Vedung, Evert.
Vianès, George.
Volpe, Alessia.
Wächter, Bernd
Weber, Shlomo, Jean J. Gabszewicz, and Victor A. Ginsburgh
2008 “Bilingualism and Communicative Benefits.”
Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei (FEEM) Working Paper No. 17
.
Wee, Lionel.
Weimer, David L.
Weiss, Pia.
Wickström, Bengt-Arne.
1997 “What Are the Cost and Benefits of the Use of a Language?” In
The Cost of European Linguistic (Non)Communication
, ed. by Reinhard Selten, 5–13 [English translation of “Kio estas kostoj kaj utilo de lingvouzo?” in Selten, R.
La kostoj de la eŭropa lingva (ne-)kommunikado
. Rome: “Esperanto” radikala asocio (1997) 1995–1913]. Rome: “Esperanto” radikala asocio.
WIPO
2007a
Addition of Korean as a Language of Publication
. PCT Union. Assembly, Thirty-Sixth (16th Ordinary) Session Geneva, September 24 to October 3 2007 PCT/A/36/8. Geneva: World Intellectual Property Organisation (WIPO).
2007b
Addition of Portuguese as a Language of Publication
. PCT Union. Assembly, Thirty-Sixth (16th Ordinary) Session Geneva, September 24 to October 3 2007 PCT/A/36/9. Geneva: World Intellectual Property Organisation (WIPO).
Wodak, Ruth.
Wodak, Ruth
World Bank
Wright, Sue.
Cited by
Cited by other publications
No author info given
Carbonara, Valentina & Andrea Scibetta
Costa-Carreras, Joan
du Plessis, Theodorus
Fairbrother, Lisa & Goro Christoph Kimura
Gazzola, Michele, François Grin & François Vaillancourt
Kimura, Goro Christoph
Riera-Gil, Elvira
Royles, Elin & Huw Lewis
Templin, Torsten
Vermandere, Dieter, Lieve Vangehuchten & Rebecca Van Herck
This list is based on CrossRef data as of 26 december 2020. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers. Any errors therein should be reported to them.
Subjects
Communication Studies
Miscellaneous
Sociology
Translation & Interpreting Studies
BIC Subject: CFG – Semantics, Pragmatics, Discourse Analysis
BISAC Subject: LAN009000 – LANGUAGE ARTS & DISCIPLINES / Linguistics / General