Palenquero and Spanish in Contact

Exploring the interface

| The Pennsylvania State University
Hardbound – Available
ISBN 9789027204868 | EUR 105.00 | USD 158.00
 
e-Book –
ISBN 9789027261632 | EUR 105.00 | USD 158.00
 
Bilingual speakers are normally aware of what language they are speaking or hearing; there is, however, no widely accepted consensus on the degree of lexical and morphosyntactic similarity that defines the psycholinguistic threshold of distinct languages. This book focuses on the Afro-Colombian creole language Palenquero, spoken in bilingual contact with its historical lexifier, Spanish. Although sharing largely cognate lexicons, the languages are in general not mutually intelligible. For example, Palenquero exhibits no adjective-noun or verb-subject agreement, uses pre-verbal tense-mood-aspect particles, and exhibits unbounded clause-final negation. The present study represents a first attempt at mapping the psycholinguistic boundaries between Spanish and Palenquero from the speakers’ own perspective, including traditional native Palenquero speakers, adult heritage speakers, and young native Spanish speakers who are acquiring Palenquero as a second language. The latter group also provides insights into the possible cognitive cost of “de-activating” Spanish morphological agreement as well as the relative efficiency of pre-verbal vs. clause-final negation. In this study, corpus-based analyses are combined with an array of interactive experimental techniques, demonstrating that externally-imposed classifications do not always correspond to speakers’ own partitioning of language usage in their communities.
[Contact Language Library, 56]  2020.  xvii, 318 pp.
Publishing status: Available
© John Benjamins
https://doi.org/10.1075/coll.56
Table of Contents
Acknowledgments
xiii
Key to glosses
xv
A note on the examples
xvii
Introduction
1–8
Chapter 1. The Palenquero language: History and scholarship
9–18
Chapter 2. Palenque: Language revitalization and the evolving linguistic ecology
19–33
Chapter 3. A brief sketch of Palenquero grammar
35–78
Chapter 4. Palenquero-Spanish mixing: Previous observations and new data
79–94
Chapter 5. Palenqueros’ thoughts: Language identification tasks
95–133
Chapter 6. Palenqueros talk back: Interactive tasks
135–166
Chapter 7. Palenquero-Spanish mixing and models of language switching
167–172
Chapter 8. Palenquero as a second language: Data and analyses
173–227
Chapter 9. A window into Palenquero-Spanish bilingualism: Grammatical gender
229–252
Chapter 10. Conclusions
253–257
References
259–278
Appendix A. Samples of L2 learners’ written lengua ri Palenge
279–289
Appendix B. Examples of written Palenquero in the community
291–307
Appendix C. Palenquero consultants
309–313
Index
315
References

References

Abutalebi, Jubin & Green, David
2007 Bilingual language production: The neurocognition of language representation and control. Journal of Neurolinguistics 20: 242–275. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Acuña-Fariña, Juan Carlos
2009 The linguistics and psycholinguistics of agreement: A tutorial overview. Lingua 19: 389–424. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Alarcón, Irma
2009 The processing of gender agreement in L1 and L2 Spanish: Evidence from reaction time data. Hispania 92: 814–828.Google Scholar
2011 Spanish gender agreement under complete and incomplete acquisition: Early and late bilinguals’ linguistic behavior within the noun phrase. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 14: 332–350. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Alemán Bañón, José, Fiorentino, Robert & Gabriele, Alison
2012 The processing of number and gender agreement in Spanish: An event-related potential investigation of the effects of structural distance. Brain Research 1456: 49–63. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Amastae, John & Elías-Olivares, Lucía
(eds) 1982 Spanish in the United States: Sociolinguistic Aspects. Cambridge: CUP.Google Scholar
Amaral, Luiz & Roeper, Tom
2014a Multiple grammars and second language representation. Second Language Research 30: 3–36.Google Scholar
2014b Why minimal multiple rules provide a unique window into UG and L2. Second Language Research 30: 97–107.Google Scholar
Anshen, Frank & Aronoff, Mark
1988 Producing morphologically complex words. Linguistics 26: 641–655. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Antón-Méndez, Inés
2011 Whose? L2-English speakers’ possessive pronoun gender errors. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 14: 318–331. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Arcos, Dr.
(Camilo Delgado) 1913 Historias, leyendas y tradiciones de Cartagena, Tome IV. Cartagena: Tipografía de J. V. Mogollón.Google Scholar
Arrázola, Roberto
1970 Palenque, primer pueblo libre de América. Cartagena: Ediciones Hernández.Google Scholar
Azuma, Shoji & Meier, Richard
1997 Open class and closed class: Sentence-imitation experiments on intrasential code-switching. Applied Psycholinguistics 18: 257–276. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Bader, Markus & Meng, Michael
1999 Subject-object ambiguities in German embedded clauses: An across-the-board comparison. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research 28: 121–143. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Bailly, Gérard
2002 Close shadowing in natural vs. synthetic speech. International Journal of Speech Technology 6: 11–19. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Barber, Horacio & Carreiras, Manuel
2003 Integrating gender and number information in Spanish word pairs: An ERP study. Cortex 39: 465–482. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
2005 Grammatical gender and number agreement in Spanish: An ERP comparison. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 17: 137–153. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Barbour, Stephen
1987 Dialects and the teaching of a standard language: Some West German work. Language in Society 16: 227–243.Google Scholar
Bates, Douglas, Mächler, Martin, Bolker, B. M. & Walker, S.
2014 lme4: Linear mixed-effects models using Eigen and S4. R package version 1.1-12. http://​CRAN​.R​-project​.org​/package​=lme4
Bentley, W. Holman
1887 Dictionary and grammar of the Kongo language. London: Trübner & Co.Google Scholar
Bernardini, Petra & Schlyter, Suzanne
2004 Growing syntactic structure and code-mixing in the weaker language: The Ivy Hypothesis. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 7: 49–69. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Bernolet, Sarah, Hartsuiker, Robert & Pickering, Martin
2007 Shared syntactic representations in bilinguals: Evidence for the role of word-order repetition. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 33: 931–949. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
2012 Effects of phonological feedback on the selection of syntax: Evidence from between-language syntactic priming. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition. 15: 503–516. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
2013 From language-specific to shared syntactic representations: The influence of second language proficiency on syntactic sharing in bilinguals. Cognition 127: 87–306. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Bickerton, Derek
1973 The nature of a creole continuum. Language 49: 640–669. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
1981 Roots of Language. Ann Arbor MI: Karoma.Google Scholar
Bickerton, Derek & Escalante, Aquiles
1970 Palenquero: A Spanish-based creole of northern Colombia. Lingua 32: 254–267. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Blanchet, Philippe & Armstrong, Nigel
2006 The sociolinguistic situation of ‘contemporary dialects of French’ in France today: An overview of recent contributions on the dialectalisation of Standard French. Journal of French Language Studies 16(3): 251–275.Google Scholar
Boersma, Paul & Weenink, David
1999–2005 PRAAT: Doing Phonetics by Computer [computer program]. http://​www​.fon​.hum​.uva​.nl​/praat/
Bolinger, Dwight
1968 Judgments of grammaticality. Lingua 21: 34–40. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Bolívar de la Hoz, René
2011 Palenque, obra maestra… vida, pasión y muerte. Montería (Córdoba), Colombia: Ediciones Paloma.Google Scholar
Bordag, Denisa & Pechmann, Thomas
2007 Factors influencing L2 gender processing. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 10: 299–314. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Bordag, Denisa, Opitz, Andreas & Pechmann, Thomas
2006 Gender processing in first and second languages: The role of noun termination. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 32: 1090–1101. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Bradac, James, Martin, Larry, Elliott, Norman & Tardy, Charles
1980 On the neglected side of linguistic science: Multivariate studies of sentence judgment. Linguistics 18: 967–995. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Bresnan, Joan
2007 Is syntactic knowledge probabilistic? Experiments with English dative alternation. In Roots: Linguistics in Search of its Evidential Base, Sam Featherston & Wolfgang Sternefeld (eds), 75–96. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Broersma, Mirjam
(2009) Triggered codeswitching between cognate languages. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 12: 447–462. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Broersma, Mirjam & de Bot, Kees
2006 Triggered codeswitching: A corpus-based evaluation of the original triggering hypothesis and a new alternative. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 9: 1–13. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Bruhn de Garavito, Joyce & White, Lydia
2000 L2 acquisition of Spanish DPs: The status of grammatical features. In Proceedings of the 24th Annual Boston University Conference on Language Development, S. Catherine Howell, Sarah Fish & Thea Keith-Lucas (eds), 164–175. Somerville MA: Cascadilla Press.Google Scholar
Caplan, David & Waters, Gloria S.
1999 Verbal working memory and sentence comprehension. Brain and Behavioral Sciences 22: 77–126. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Caramazza, Alfonso, Laudanna, Alessandro & Romani, Cristina
1988 Lexical access and inflectional morphology. Cognition 28: 97–332. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Caramazza, Alfonso & Miozzo, Michele
1997 The relation between syntactic and phonological knowledge in lexical access: Evidence from the “tip-of-the-tongue” phenomenon. Cognition 64: 309–343. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Carey, Peter
1971 Verbal retention after shadowing and after listening. Perception and Psychophysics 9: 79–83. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Cásseres Estrada, Solmery
2005 Diccionario lengua afro palenquero-español. Cartagena de Indias: Ediciones Pluma de Mompox.Google Scholar
Cerrón-Palomino, Rodolfo
2003 Castellano andino: Aspectos sociolingüísticos, pedagógicos y gramaticales. Lima: Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú.Google Scholar
Chiado, Antônio Ribeiro
1968 Autos, Vol. I. Lisbon: Instituto Nacional do Livro.Google Scholar
Chistovich, Ludmilla A.
1961 Classification of rapidly repeated speech sounds. Soviet Physics-Acoustics 6: 393–398.Google Scholar
Chistovich, Ludmilla, Aliakrinskii, V. & Abulian, V.
1960 Time delays in speech repetition. Voprosy Psikhologii 1: 114–119.Google Scholar
Clahsen, Harald & Muysken, Pieter
1986 The availability of universal grammar to adult and child learners – A study of the acquisition of German word order. Second Language Research 2: 93–119.Google Scholar
1989 The UG paradox in L2 acquisition. Second Language Research 5: 1–29.Google Scholar
Clyne, Michael
1972 Perception of code-switching by bilinguals: An experiment. ITL: Review of Applied Linguistics 16: 45–48. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Correa, José Alejandro
2012 La entonación del criollo palenquero y del kateyano de San Basilio de Palenque (Colombia). In Palenque Colombia: Oralidad, identidad y resistencia, Graciela Maglia & Armin Schwegler (eds), 31–56. Bogotá: Pontificia Universidad Javeriana.Google Scholar
Corrêa, Letícia M. Sicuro, de Almeida, Diogo A. & Sobrino Porto, Renata
2004 On the representation of Portuguese gender-inflected words in the mental lexicon. Brain and Language 90: 63–73. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Costa, Albert, Kovacic, Damir, Franck, Julie & Caramazza, Alfonso
2003 On the autonomy of the grammatical gender systems of the two languages of a bilingual. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 6: 181–200. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Cremona, Cristiana & Bates, Elizabeth
1977 The development of attitudes toward dialect in Italian children. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research 6(3): 223–232.Google Scholar
Cubelli, Roberto, Lotto, Lorella, Paolieri, Daniela, Girelli, Massimo & Job, Remo
2005 Grammatical gender is selected in bare noun production: Evidence from the picture-word interference paradigm. Journal of Memory and Language 53: 42–59. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Davis, Martha Swearingen
1997 A Syntactic, Semantic, and Diachronic Analysis of Palenquero ba. PhD dissertation, Stanford University.
2000 The past imperfect in Palenquero. Studies in Language 24(3): 565–581. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
De Camp, David
1971 Towards a generative analysis of a post-creole continuum. In Pidginization and Creolization of Languages, Dell Hymes (ed.), 349–370. Cambridge: CUP.Google Scholar
Del Castillo, Nicolás
1984 El léxico negro-africano de San Basilio de Palenque. Thesaurus 39: 80–169.Google Scholar
den Besten, Hans
2005 Kloeke en het Afrikaans. Tijdschrift voor Nederlandse Taal- en Letterkunde 121: 211–224Google Scholar
Desmet, Timothy & Declercq, Mieke
2006 Cross-linguistic priming of syntactic hierarchical configuration information. Journal of Memory and Language 54: 610–632. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Deuchar, Margaret, Muysken, Pieter & Wang, Sung-Lan
2007 Structured variation in codeswitching: Towards an empirically based typology of bilingual speech patterns. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism 10: 298–340. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Dick, Frederic, Bates, Elizabeth, Wulfeck, Beverly, Aydelott Utman, Jennifer, Dronkers, Nina & Gernsbacher, Morton Ann
2001 Language deficits, localization, and grammar: Evidence for a distributive model of language breakdown in aphasic patients and neurologically intact individuals. Psychological Review 108: 759–788. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Dieck, Marianne
2000 La negación en palenquero. Frankfurt & Madrid: Vervuert & Iberoamericana. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
2008 La expresión de la reflexividad en Palenquero. Papia 18: 45–69.Google Scholar
2011 La época de formación de la lengua de Palenque: Datos históricos y lingüísticos. Forma y Función 24: 11–24.Google Scholar
Domínguez, Alberto, Cuetos, Fernando & Segui, Juan
1999 The processing of grammatical gender and number in Spanish. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research 28: 485–498. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Domínguez, Alberto, Segui, Juan & Cuetos, Fernando
2002 The time-course of inflexional morphological priming. Linguistics, 40(2): 235–260.Google Scholar
Ellis, Rod
1991 Grammaticality judgments and second language acquisition. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 13: 161–186. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Enç, Mürvet
1991 The semantics of specificity. Linguistic Inquiry 22: 1–25.Google Scholar
Escalante, Aquiles
1954 Notas sobre el Palenque de San Basilio, una comunidad negra en Colombia. Divulgaciones Etnológicas (Barranquilla) 3: 207–359.Google Scholar
1979 El Palenque de San Basilio: Una comunidad de descendientes de negros cimarrones. Barranquilla: Editorial Mejoras.Google Scholar
Eubank, Lynn
1993–1994 On the transfer of parametric values in L2 development. Language Acquisition 3(3): 183–208. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Faine, Jules
1936 Philologie créole; études historiques et étymologiques sur la langue créole d’Haiti. Port-au-Prince: Imprimerie de L’État.Google Scholar
Fedorenko, Evelina, Gibson, Edward & Rohde, Douglas
2006 The nature of working memory capacity in sentence comprehension: Evidence against domain-specific working memory resources. Journal of Memory and Language 54: 541–553. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Felser, Claudia, Sato, Mikako & Bertenshaw, Nicholas
2009 The on-line application of Binding Principle A in English as a second language. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 12: 485–502. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Ferrari, Ludmila
2012 San Basilio de Palenque (Colombia): Un performance de la libertad. In Palenque Colombia: Oralidad, identidad y resistencia, Graciela Maglia & Armin Schwegler (eds), 57–84. Bogotá: Pontificia Universidad Javeriana.Google Scholar
2017 San Basilio de Palenque (Colombia): Performance of freedom. In Schwegler, Kirschen, & Maglia (eds.), 121–145.Google Scholar
Ferraz, Luiz Ivens
1979 The creole of São Tomé. Johannesburg: Witwatersrand University Press.Google Scholar
Fiebach, Christian, Schlesewsky, Matthias & Friederici, Angela
2002 Separating syntactic memory costs and syntactic integration costs during parsing: The processing of German WH-questions. Journal of Memory and Language 47: 250–272. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Finger, Ingrid, Dagort Billig, Johanna & Scholl, Ana Paul
2011 Effects of bilingualism on inhibitory control in elderly Brazilian bilinguals. In Implicit and Explicit Language Learning: Conditions, Processes, Knowledge in SLA and Bilingualism, Cristina Sanz & Ronald Leow (eds), 219–229. Washington DC: Georgetown University PressGoogle Scholar
Foote, Rebecca
2011 Integrated knowledge of agreement in early and late English-Spanish bilinguals. Applied Psycholinguistics 32: 187–220. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Fox, John & Weisberg, Sanford
2011 An {R} Companion to Applied Regression, 2nd Edition. Thousand Oaks CA: Sage. http://​socserv​.socsci​.mcmaster​.ca​/jfox​/Books​/CompanionGoogle Scholar
Frenck-Mestre, Cheryl, Foucart, Alice, Carrasco, Haydee & Herschensohn, Julia
2009 Processing of gender in French as a first and second language: Evidence from ERPs. Eurosla Yearbook 9: 76–106. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
de Friedemann, Nina S. & Patiño Rosselli, Carlos
1983 Lengua y sociedad en el Palenque de San Basilio. Bogotá: Instituto Caro y Cuervo.Google Scholar
Friederici, Angela & Jacobsen, Thomas
1999 Processing grammatical gender during language comprehension. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research 28: 467–484. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Fundación para el Desarrollo Social Transformemos. Fundación para el Desarrollo Social Transformemos
2011 Son ri tambó / son de tambores. La Calera, Colombia: Fundación para el Desarrollo Social Transformemos.Google Scholar
2013 Kumina ri Palenge pa tó paraje / cocina palenquera para el mundo. La Calera, Colombia: Fundación para el Desarrollo Social Transformemos.Google Scholar
Garrett, Paul B.
2006 Contact languages as “endangered” languages: What is there to lose?. Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 21: 175–190.Google Scholar
Gathercole, Virginia C. Mueller, Sebastián, Eugenia & Soto, Pilar
1999 The early acquisition of Spanish verbal morphology: Across-the-board or piecemeal knowledge? International Journal of Bilingualism 3:133–182. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Gathercole, Virginia C. Mueller, Môn Thomas, Enlli & Laporte, Nadine
2001 The acquisition of grammatical gender in Welsh. Journal of Celtic Language Learning 6: 53–87.Google Scholar
Gibson, Edward
1998 Linguistic complexity: Locality of syntactic dependencies. Cognition 68: 1–76. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
2000 The dependency locality theory: A distance-based theory of linguistic complexity. In Image, Language, Brain, Yasushi Miyashita, Alec Marantz & Wayne O’Neil (eds), 95–126. Cambridge MA: The MIT Press.Google Scholar
Glaser, Wilhelm
1982 Picture naming. Cognition 42: 61–105. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Gollan, Tamar, Montoya, Rosa, Fennema-Notestine, Christine & Morris, Shaunna
2005 Bilingualism affects picture naming but not picture classification. Memory and Cognition 33: 1220–1234. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
de Granda, Germán
1968 La tipología ‘criolla’ de dos hablas del área lingüística hispánica. Thesaurus 23: 193–205.Google Scholar
1971 Sobre la procedencia africana del habla “criolla” de San Basilio de Palenque (Departamento de Bolívar, Colombia). Thesaurus 26: 84–94.Google Scholar
1972 Estructuras lingüísticas y relación genética en un habla criolla de Hispanoamérica. Filología 16: 119–133.Google Scholar
1973 Algunas observaciones morfológicas y etimológicas sobre vocabulario de origen bantú en el habla criolla de San Basilio de Palenque. Revista de Dialectología y Tradiciones Populares 29: 435–441.Google Scholar
1978 Algunos rasgos morfosintácticos de posible origen criollo en el habla de áreas hispanoamericanas de población negra. In Estudios lingüísticos hispánicos, afrohispánicos y criollos, 501–518. Madrid: Gredos.Google Scholar
1988 Algunos rasgos más de origen africano en el criollo palenquero. In Lingüística e historia: Temas afro-hispánicos, 223–233. Valladolid: Secretariado de Publicaciones, Universidad de Valladolid.Google Scholar
1989 Condicionamiento kikóongo de un fenómeno fonético en el criollo palenquero. Anuario de Lingüística Hispánica 5: 49–57.Google Scholar
1992 Retenciones africanas en el nivel fonético del criollo palenquero. In Actes du XVIIème Congrès International de Linguistique et de Philologie Romanes, 542–552. Tübingen: Francke.Google Scholar
Green, David
1998 Mental control of the bilingual lexico-semantic system. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 1: 67–81. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
2011 Language control in different contexts: The behavioral ecology of bilingual speakers. Frontiers in Psychology 2: 1–4. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Greenbaum, Sidney
1973 Informat elicitation of data on syntactic variation. Lingua 31: 201–212. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
1977 Contextual influence on acceptability judgments. Linguistics 15: 5–12. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Grimshaw, Jane
1997 Projection, heads, and optimality. Linguistic Inquiry 28: 373–422.Google Scholar
2005 Words and Structure. Stanford CA: CSLI.Google Scholar
Grodner, Daniel & Gibson, Edward
2005 Consequences of the serial nature of linguistic input for sentential complexity. Cognitive Science 29: 261–290. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Grosjean, François & Gee, James Paul
1987 Prosodic structure and spoken word recognition. Cognition 25: 135–155. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Günther, Wilfried
1973 Das portugiesische Kreolisch der Jlha do Príncipe. Marburg an der Lahn: Selbatverlag.Google Scholar
Guerini, Federica
2011 Language policy and ideology in Italy. International journal of the sociology of language 210: 109–126. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Guillelmon, Delphine & Grosjean, François
2001 The gender marking effect in spoken word recognition: The case of bilinguals. Memory and Cognition 29: 503–511. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Gullberg, Marianne, Indefrey, Peter & Muysken, Pieter
2009 Research techniques for the study of code-switching. In The Cambridge Handbook of Linguistic Code-switching, Barbara Bullock & Almeida Jacqueline Toribio (eds), 21–39. Cambridge: CUP. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Gutiérrez Azopardo, Ildefonso
1980 Historia del negro en Colombia: ¿sumisión o rebeldía? Bogotá: Editorial Nueva América.Google Scholar
Hagemeijer, Tjerk
2009 As línguas de S. Tomé e Príncipe. Revista de Crioulos de Base Lexical Portuguesa e Espanhola 1 (1): 1–27.Google Scholar
Hagoort, Peter & Brown, Colin
1999 Gender electrified: ERP evidence on the syntactic nature of gender processing. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research 28: 715–728. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Hagoort, Peter, Brown, Colin & Osterhout, Lee
1999 The neurocognition of syntactic processing. In Neurocognition of Language, Colin Brown & Peter Hagoort (eds), 273–316. Oxford: OUP.Google Scholar
Hartsuiker, Robert, Pickering, Martin & Veltkamp, Eline
2004 Is syntax separate or shared between languages? Cross linguistic syntactic priming in Spanish-English bilinguals. Psychological Science 15: 409–414. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Hatzidaki, Anna, Branigan, Holly & Pickering, Martin
2011 Co-activation of syntax in bilingual language production. Cognitive Psychology 62: 123–150. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Hawkins, John & Cutler, Anne
1988 Psycholinguistic factors in morphological asymmetry. In Explaining Language Universals, John Hawkins (ed.), 280–317. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.Google Scholar
Heath, Jeffrey G.
1984 Language contact and language change. Annual Review of Anthropology 13: 367–384. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Hermans, Daan, Bongaerts, Theo, de Bot, Kees & Schreuder, Robert
1998 Producing words in a foreign language: Can speakers prevent interference from their first language? Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 1: 213–229. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Hernández, José Esteban
2002 Accommodation in a dialect contact situation. Filología y Lingüística 28(2): 93–110.Google Scholar
2007 Ella me dijo, seguí adelante, sigue estudiando: Social and semantic differentiation in casual forms of address variation. Bulletin of Hispanic Studies 84: 703–724. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Hernández Cassiani, Rubén, Guerrero, Clara Inés & Pérez Palomino, Jesús
2008 Palenque: Historia libertaria, cultura y tradición. Cartagena de Indias: Casa Editorial S. A.Google Scholar
Holm, John
2000 An Introduction to Pidgins and Creoles. Cambridge: CUP. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Hopp, Holger
2013 Grammatical gender in adult L2 acquisition: Relations between lexical and syntactic variability. Second Language Research 29: 33–56. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Hualde, José Ignacio & Schwegler, Armin
2008 Intonation in Palenquero. Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 23: 1–31. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Igoa, José Manuel, García-Albea, José Eugenio & Sánchez-Casas, Rosa
1999 Gender-number dissociations in sentence production in Spanish. Rivista di Linguistica 11: 63–196. http://​CRAN​.R​-project​.org​/package​=lmerTestGoogle Scholar
Jacobson, Rodolfo
1977 The social implications of intra-sentential code-switching. The New Scholar 6: 227–256.Google Scholar
Jaeger, T. Florian & Tilly, Harry
2011 On language ‘utility’: Processing complexity and communicative efficiency. Wiley Interdiscipliunary Reviews: Cognitive Science 2: 323–335. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Jake, Janis
1994 Intrasentential code-switching and pronouns: On the categorical status of functional elements. Linguistics 32: 271–298. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Johnson, Daniel Ezra
2009 Getting off the GoldVarb standard: Introducing Rbrul for mixed-effects variable rule analysis. Language and Linguistics Compass 3: 359–383.Google Scholar
Jordan, Nancy
1988 Language processing and reading ability in children: A study based on speech-shadowing techniques. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research 17: 357–377.Google Scholar
Just, Marcel & Carpenter, Patricia
1992 A capacity theory of comprehension: Individual differences in working memory. Psychological Review 99: 122–149. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Just, Marcel, Carpenter, Patricia & Keller, Timothy
1996 The capacity theory of comprehension: New frontiers of evidence and arguments. Psychological Review 103: 773–780. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Kantola, Leila & van Gompel, Roger
2011 Between- and within-language priming is the same: Evidence for shared bilingual syntactic representations. Memory and Cognition 39: 276–290. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Keating, Gregory
2009 Sensitivity to violations of gender agreement in native and nonnative Spanish: An eye-movement investigation. Language Learning 59: 505–535. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Kloeke, Gesinus Gerhardus
1950 Herkomst en groei van het Afrikaans. Leiden: Universitaire Pers.Google Scholar
Kootstra, Gerrit, van Hell, Janet & Dijkstra, Ton
2010 Syntactic alignment and shared word order in code-switched sentence production: Evidence from bilingual monologue and dialogue. Journal of Memory and Language 63: 210–231. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Kousta, Stavroula-Thaleia, Vigliocco, Gabriella & Vinson, David
2008 Investigating linguistic relativity through bilingualism: The case of grammatical gender. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 34: 843–858. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Kroll, Judith, Bobb, Susan, Misra, Mayra & Guo, Taomei
2008 Language selection in bilingual speech: Evidence for inhibitory processes. Acta Psychologica 128: 416–430. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Kroll, Judith, Dussias, Paola, Bogulski, Carrie & Valdes Kroft, Jorge
2011 Juggling two languages in one mind: What bilinguals tell us about language processing and its consequences for cognition. Psychology of Learning and Motivation 56: 229–262. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Kuznetsova, Alexandra, Brockhoff, Per Bruun, & Christensen, Rune Haubo Bojesen
2014 lmerTest: Tests for random and fixed effects for linear mixed effect models (lmer objects of lme4 package). R package version 2.0-6. http://​CRAN​.R​-project​.org​/package​=lmerTest
Labov, William
1971 The notion of “system” in creole languages. In Pidginization and Creolization of Languages, Dell Hymes (ed.), 447–472. Cambridge: CUP.Google Scholar
Laine, Matti, Vainio, Seppo & Hyönä, Jukka
1999 Lexical access routes to nouns in a morphologically rich language. Journal of Memory and Language 40:109–135. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Lederberg, Amy & Morales, Cesáreo
1985 Code-switching by bilinguals: Evidence against a third grammar. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research 14(2): 113–136. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Lefebvre, Claire
1974 Discreteness and the linguistic continuum in Martinique. Anthropological Linguistics 16: 47–78.Google Scholar
1998 Creole Genesis and the Acquisition of Grammar. Cambridge: CUP.Google Scholar
Lemhöfer, Kristin, Spalek, Katharina & Schriefers, Herbert
2008 Cross-language effects of grammatical gender in bilingual word recognition and production. Journal of Memory and Language 59: 312–330. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Lemhöfer, Kristin, Schriefers, Herbert & Hanique, Iris
2010 Native language effects in learning second-language grammatical gender: A training study. Acta Psychologica 135: 150–158. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Leopold, Werner F.
1959 The decline of German dialects. Word 15: 130–153.Google Scholar
Levelt, Willem
1989 Speaking: From Intention to Articulation. Cambridge MA: Bradford Books/The MIT Press.Google Scholar
Levelt, Willem, Roelofs, Ardi & Meyer, Antje
1999 A theory of lexical access in speech production. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 22: 1–75. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Lew-Williams, Casey & Fernald, Anne
2007 Young children learning Spanish make rapid use of grammatical gender in spoken word recognition. Psychological Science 18: 193–198. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
2010 Real-time processing of gender-marked articles by native and non-native Spanish speakers. Journal of Memory and Language 63: 447–464. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Lewis, Anthony
1970 A descriptive analysis of the Palenquero dialect (a Spanish-based creole of northern Colombia, South America). MA thesis, University of the West Indies, Mona, Jamaica.
Liceras, Juana, Fernández Fuertes, Raquel, Perales, Susana, Pérez-Tattam, Rocío & Spradlin, Todd
2008 Gender and gender agreement in bilingual native and non-native grammars: A view from child and adult functional-lexical mixings. Lingua 118: 827–851. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Liebscher, Grit & Dailey‐O’Cain, Jennifer
2009 Language attitudes in interaction. Journal of Sociolinguistics 13(2): 195–222.Google Scholar
Lipski, John
1985 Black Spanish: The last frontier of Afro America. Crítica 2(1): 53–75.Google Scholar
1986a Golden Age ‘black Spanish’: Existence and coexistence. Afro-Hispanic Review 5(1–2): 7–12.Google Scholar
1986b Convergence and divergence in bozal Spanish. Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 1: 171 203. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
1992 Sobre el español bozal del Siglo de Oro: Existencia y coexistencia. In Scripta philologica in honorem Juan M. Lope Blanch, Tome I, 383–396. México: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México.Google Scholar
1994 Latin American Spanish. London: Longman.Google Scholar
1998 El español bozal . In América negra: Panorámica actual de los estudios lingüísticos sobre variedades criollas y afrohispanas, Matthias Perl & Armin Schwegler (eds), 293–327. Frankfurt: Vervuert. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
1999 Sobre la valoración popular y la investigación empírica del ‘español negro’ caribeño. In Identidad cultural y lingüística en Colombia, Venezuela y en el Caribe hispánico, Matthias Perl & Klaus Pörtl (eds), 271–295. Tübingen: Max Niemeyer. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
1999b Evolución de los verbos copulativos en el español bozal . In Lenguas criollos de base lexical española y portuguesa, Klaus Zimmermann (ed.), 145–176. Frankfurt: Vervuert.Google Scholar
2000a  Bozal Spanish: Restructuring or creolization? In Degrees of Restructuring in Creole Languages [Creole Language Library 22], Ingrid Neumann-Holzschuh & Edgar Schneider (eds), 55–83. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
2000b The linguistic situation of Central Americans. In New Immigrants in the United States: Readings for Second-language Educators, Sandra McKay & Sau-ling Cynthia Wong (eds), 189–215. Cambridge: CUP.Google Scholar
2000c El español que se habla en El Salvador y su importancia para la dialectología hispanoamericana. Científica (Universidad Don Bosco, San Salvador) 1(2): 65–88.Google Scholar
2002a Génesis y evolución de la cópula en los criollos afro-ibéricos. In Palenque, Cartagena y Afro-Caribe: Historia y lengua, Yves Moñino & Armin Schwegler (eds), 65–101. Tübingen: Niemeyer. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
2005 A History of Afro-Hispanic Language: Five Centuries and Five Continents. Cambridge: CUP. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
2008a Searching for the origins of Uruguayan Fronterizo dialects: Radical code-mixing as “fluent dysfluency”. Journal of Portuguese Linguistics 8: 5–46.Google Scholar
2008b Afro-Choteño speech: Towards the (re)creation of a “Black Spanish”. Negritud 2: 99–120.Google Scholar
2008c Afro-Bolivian Spanish. Frankfurt & Madrid: Vervuert & Iberoamericana. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
2009 “Fluent dysfluency” as congruent lexicalization: A special case of radical code-mixing. Journal of Language Contact 2: 1–39. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
2010 Pitch polarity in Palenquero: A possible locus of H tone. In Linguistic Studies in Romance Languages, Sonia Colina (ed.), 111–127. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
2011a El “nuevo” palenquero y el español afroboliviano: ¿es reversible la descriollización? In Selected Proceedings of the 13th Hispanic Linguistics Symposium, Luis Ortiz-López (ed.), 1–16. Somerville MA: Cascadilla Press.Google Scholar
2011b Decreolization as emergent grammar(s): some Afro-Bolivian data. Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 26: 276–340. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
2012a The “new” Palenquero: Revitalization and re-creolization. In Varieties of Colombian Spanish, Richard File-Muriel & Rafael Orozco (eds), 21–41. Frankfurt: Vervuert. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
2012b Free at last: from bound morpheme to discourse marker in Lengua ri Palenge (Palenquero Creole Spanish). Anthropological Linguistics 54: 101–132. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
2013 Mapping the psycholinguistic boundaries between Spanish and Palenquero. Papia 23: 7–38.Google Scholar
2014a La lengua palenquera juvenil: Contacto y conflicto de estructuras gramaticales. UniverSOS 11: 191–207.Google Scholar
2014b Spanish-English code-switching among semi-fluent bilinguals: Towards an expanded typology. Sociolinguistic Studies 8: 23–55. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
2015a How many “grammars” per “language”? Mapping the psycholinguistic boundaries between Spanish and Palenquero. In Romance Linguistics 2012: Papers from the 42nd Linguistic Symposium on Romance Languages [Romance Languages and Linguistic Theory 7], Jason Smith & Tabea Ihsane (eds), 43–60. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
2015b From ‘more’ to ‘less’: Spanish, Palenquero (Afro- Colombian creole) and gender agreement. Language, Cognition and Neuroscience 30(9): 1144–1155. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
2015c On the origins of the Lengua ri Palenge (Palenquero) relativizer lo ke: The pathways of (re-) grammaticalization. Journal of Portuguese and Spanish Lexically-based Creoles (Revista de Crioulos de Base Lexical Portuguese e Espanhola) 6: 1–41.Google Scholar
2016a Palenquero and Spanish: A first psycholinguistic exploration. Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 31: 42–81. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
2016c Palenquero and Spanish: What’s in the mix? In The Iberian Challenge: Creoles beyond the Plantation Setting, Armin Schwegler, John McWhorter & Lise Strobel (eds), 153–180. Frankfurt & Madrid: Vervuert & Iberoamericana. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
2017a Does gender agreement carry a production cost? Spanish gender vs. Palenquero. In Romance Languages and Linguistic Theory, 12: Selected Papers from the 45th Linguistic Symposium on Romance Languages (LSRL), Campinas, Brazil [Romance Languages and Linguistic Theory 12], Ruth E. V. Lopes, Juanito Ornelas de Avelar & Sonia M. L. Cyrino (eds), 127–140. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
2017b Can agreement be suppressed in second-language acquisition? Data from the Palenquero-Spanish interface. Second Language Research 34(3): 309–341. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
2017c Palenquero vs. Spanish negation: Separate but equal? Lingua 202: 44–57. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
2018a Can neg placement have negative consequences (for efficient processing)? A bilingual test case. Applied Psycholinguistics 39(6): 1147–1188. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
2018b What you hear is (not always) what you get: Subjects and verbs among receptive Palenquero-Spanish bilinguals. Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism.Google Scholar
2020  Spanish and Palenquero: Down to the sound(s). In Recent Advances in the Study of Spanish Sociophonetic Perception, Whitney Chappell (ed.), 153–185. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Lleó, Conxita
2006 Early acquisition of nominal plural in Spanish. Catalan Journal of Linguistics 5: 191–219. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Loebell, Helga & Bock, Kathryn
2003 Structural priming across languages. Linguistics 41: 791–824. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Lukatela, Georgije, Gligorijević, Bojan, Kostić, Alex & Turvey, Michael T.
1980 Representation of inflected nouns in the internal lexicon. Memory and Cognition 8: 415–423. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
MacKay, Donald
1976 On the retrieval and lexical structure of verbs. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 15: 169–182. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
1978 Derivational rules and the internal lexicon. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 17: 61–71. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
MacWhinney, Brian
2008 A unified model. In Handbook of Cognitive Linguistics and Second Language Acquisition, Peter Robinson & Nick Ellis (eds), 341–371. New York NY: Routledge.Google Scholar
Maduro, Antoine J.
1987 Palenkero i papiamentu. Curaçao: n.p.Google Scholar
Magerman, Daniel
2016 Palenque and its Neighbors: Languages and Attitudes. Honors thesis, Pennsylvania State University.
Maglia, Graciela & Moñino, Yves
2014 Kondalo pa bibí mejó. Contarlo para vivir mejor. Oratura y oralitura de San Basilio de Palenque (Colombia). Bogotá: Editorial Pontificia Universidad Javeriana.Google Scholar
Maglia, Graciela & Schwegler, Armin
(eds.) 2012 Palenque Colombia: oralidad, identidad y resistencia. Bogotá: Pontificia Universidad Javeriana.Google Scholar
Manelis, Leon & Tharp, David
1977 The processing of affixed words. Memory and Cognition 5: 690–695. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Mariscal, Sonia
2009 Early acquisition of gender agreement in the Spanish noun phrase: Starting small. Journal of Child Language 36:143–171. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Marslen-Wilson, William
1973a Speech Shadowing and Speech Perception. PhD dissertation, MIT.
1973b Linguistic structure and speech shadowing at very short latencies. Nature 244 (August 24, 1973): 522–523. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
1985 Speech shadowing and speech comprehension. Speech Communication 4: 55–73. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Maurer, Philippe
1988 Les modifications temporelles et modales du verbe dans le papiamento de Curaçao (Antilles Néerlandaises). Hamburg: Helmut Buske.Google Scholar
1995 L’angolar: un créole afro-portugais parlé à SãoTomé. Hamburg: Helmut Buske.Google Scholar
McCarthy, Corrine
2008 Morphological variability in the comprehension of agreement: An argument for representation over computation. Second Language Research 24: 459–486.Google Scholar
McDonald, Janet
2006 Beyond the critical period: Processing-based explanations for poor grammaticality judgment performance by late second-language learners. Journal of Memory and Language 55: 81–491. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
McWhorter, John
2005 Defining Creole. Oxford: OUP.Google Scholar
Meakins, Felicity
2011 Borrowing contextual inflection: Evidence from northern Australia. Morphology 21(1): 57–87.Google Scholar
Megenney, William
1983 La influencia del portugués en el palenquero colombiano. Thesaurus 38: 548–563.Google Scholar
1986 El palenquero: Un lenguaje post-criollo colombiano. Bogotá: Instituto Caro y Cuervo.Google Scholar
1994 “Creoloid” Portuguese: The search for Brazilian Palenqueros. Diaspora 3:1–36. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Meijer, Paul & Fox Tree, Jean
2003 Building syntactic structures in speaking: A bilingual exploration. Experimental Psychology 50(3): 184–195. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Merma Molina, Gladys
2004 Lenguas en contacto: Peculiaridades del español andino peruano. Tres casos de interferencia morfosintáctica. Estudios de Lingüística Universidad de Alicante (ELUA) 18: 191–211. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Miller, George & Isard, Stephen
1963 Some perceptual consequences of linguistic rules. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 2: 217–228. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Ministerio de Cultura, Programa de Concertación
2011 Seína i pabí: katiya ri lengua ri Palenge. Cartagena de Indias: Impresores Master.Google Scholar
Miozzo, Michele, Costa, Albert & Caramazza, Alfonso
2002 The absence of gender congruency effect in Romance languages: A matter of stimulus onset asynchrony? Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 28: 388–391. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Mitterer, Holger & Ernestus, Mirjam
2008 The link between speech perception and production is phonological and abstract: Evidence from the shadowing task. Cognition 109: 168–173. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Moñino, Yves
2002 Las construcciones de genitivo en palenquero: ¿una semantaxis africana? In Palenque, Cartagena y Afro-Caribe: Historia y lengua, Yves Moñino & Armin Schwegler (eds), 227–248. Tübingen: Niemeyer. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
2003 Lengua e identidad afro-americana: El caso del criollo de Palenque de San Basilio (Colombia). In Caminos cruzados: Ensayos en antropología social, etnoecología y etnoeducación, Catherine Alès & Jean Chiappino (eds), 517–531. Paris: IRD-Éditions & Mérida, Venezuela: Universidad de los Andes, GRIAL. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
2007 Convergencias lingüísticas iberocongolesas en palenquero: ¿integrarse a la sociedad mayoritaria o distinguirse de ella? In Language Contact and Language Change in the Caribbean and beyond/Lenguas en contacto y cambio lingüístico en el Caribe y más allá, Wiltrud Mihatsch & Monika Sokol (eds), 37–57. Frankfurt: Peter Lang.Google Scholar
2012 Pasado, presente y futuro de la lengua de Palenque. In Palenque Colombia: Oralidad, identidad y resistencia, Graciela Maglia & Armin Schwegler (eds), 221–255. Bogotá: Pontificia Universidad Javeriana.Google Scholar
2017 Past, present, and future of Palenquero creole. In Schwegler, Kirschen, & Maglia (eds.), 15–50.Google Scholar
2014 Dos lenguas para hablar del mundo y contarlo. In Kondalo pa bibí mejó. Contarlo para vivir mejor. Oratura y oralitura de San Basilio de Palenque (Colombia), Graciela Maglia & Yves Moñino (eds), 23–46. Bogotá: Editorial Pontificia Universidad Javeriana.Google Scholar
Montes Giraldo, José Joaquín
1962 Sobre el habla de San Basilio de Palenque (Bolívar, Colombia). Thesaurus 17: 446–450.Google Scholar
Montrul, Silvina
2002 Incomplete acquisition and attrition of Spanish tense/aspect distinctions in adult bilinguals. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 5: 39–68. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
2004 Subject and object expression in Spanish heritage speakers: A case of morphosyntactic convergence. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 7(2): 125–142Google Scholar
2006 On the bilingual competence of Spanish heritage speakers: Syntax, lexical semantics, and processing. International Journal of Bilingualism 10: 37–69. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
2008 Incomplete Acquisition in Bilingualism: Re-examining the Age Factor [Studies in Bilingualism 39]. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
2009 Incomplete acquisition of tense-aspect and mood in Spanish heritage speakers. International Journal of Bilingualism 13: 239–269. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
2010 Dominant language transfer in adult second language learners and heritage speakers. Second Language Research 26: 293–327. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
2011 Multiple interfaces and incomplete acquisition. Lingua 212: 591–604. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Montrul, Silvina, Foote, Rebecca & Perpiñán, Silvia
2008 Gender agreement in adult second language learners and Spanish heritage speakers: The effects of age and context of acquisition. Language Learning 58: 503–553. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Montrul, Silvina & Potowski, Kim
2007 Command of gender agreement in school-age Spanish-English bilingual children. International Journal of Bilingualism 11: 301–328.Google Scholar
Morales, Luis, Paolieri, Daniela & Bajo, Teresa
2011 Grammatical gender inhibition in bilinguals. Frontiers in Psychology 2, article 284.Google Scholar
Morgan-Short, Kara, Sanz, Cristina, Steinhauer, Karsten & Ullmann, Michael
2010 Second-language acquisition of gender agreement in explicit and implicit training conditions: An ERP study. Language Learning 60: 154–193. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Morton, Thomas
2005 Sociolinguistic Variation and Language Change in El Palenque de San Basilio (Colombia). PhD dissertation, University of Pennsylvania.
Mueller, Shane T. & Piper, Brian J.
2014 The Psychology Experiment Building Language (PEBL) Test Battery. Journal of Neuroscience Methods 222: 250–259.Google Scholar
Mufwene, Salikokio
2001 The Ecology of Language Evolution. Cambridge: CUP. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Muysken, Pieter
1999 Three process of borrowing: Borrowability revisited. In Bilingualism and migration, Guus Extra & Ludo Verhoeven (eds.), 229–246. Berlin & New York: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar
2000 Bilingual Speech: A Typology of Code-mixing. Cambridge: CUP.Google Scholar
Myers-Scotton, Carol
1992 Comparing codeswitching and borrowing. In Codeswitching, Carol Eastman (ed.), 19–39. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.Google Scholar
1993 Dueling Languages: Grammatical Structure in Codeswitching. Oxford: Clarendon.Google Scholar
1998 A way to dusty death: The Matrix Language Turnover Hypothesis. In Endangered Languages: Language Loss and Community Response, Lenore Grenoble & Lindsay Whaley (eds), 289–316. Cambridge: CUP. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
2002 Contact Linguistics: Bilingual Encounters and Grammatical Outcomes. Oxford: OUP. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Naro, Anthony
1978 A study on the origins of pidginization. Language 45: 314–347. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Navarrete, María Cristina
2008 San Basilio de Palenque: Memoria y tradición. Cali: Programa Editorial, Universidad del Valle.Google Scholar
2012 Palenques: Cimarrones y castas en el Caribe colombiano – sus relaciones sociales [siglo XVII]. In Palenque Colombia: Oralidad, identidad y resistencia, Graciela Maglia & Armin Schwegler (eds), 257–284. Bogotá: Pontificia Universidad Javeriana.Google Scholar
Noguera, María Claudia, Schwegler, Armin, Gomes, Verónica, Briceño, Ignacio, Alvarez, Luis, Uricoechea, Daniel, Amorim, António, et al.
2014 Colombia’s racial crucible: Y chromosome evidence from six admixed communities in the Department of Bolivar. Annals of Human Biology 41(5): 453–459. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Ochoa Franco, José
1945 Consideraciones generales sobre costumbres y lenguaje palenqueros. Cartagena: Dirección de Educación Pública de Bolívar.Google Scholar
Orfitelli, Robyn & Polinsky, Maria
2017 When performance masquerades as comprehension: Assessing grammaticality in non-L1 populations. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition.Google Scholar
Orfitelli, Robyn & Maria Polinsky
2017 When performance masquerades as comprehension: Grammaticality judgments in non-native speakers. In Quantitative approaches to the Russian language, Mikhail Kopotev, Arto Mustajoki & Olga Lyashevskaya (eds.), 197–211. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
O’Rourke, Polly & van Petten, Cyma
2011 Morphological agreement at a distance: Dissociation between early and late components of the event-related brain potential. Brain Research 1392: 62–79. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Paolieri, Daniela, Cubelli, Roberto, Macizo, Pedro, Bajo, Teresa, Lotto, Lorella & Job, Remo
2010a Grammatical gender processing in Italian and Spanish bilinguals. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 63: 1631–1645. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
2010b Grammatical gender processing in Romance languages: Evidence from bare noun production in Italian and Spanish. European Journal of Cognitive Psychology 22: 335–347. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
2011 Differential effects of grammatical gender and gender inflection in bare noun production. British Journal of Psychology 102: 19–36. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Parafita Couto, Maria Carmen, Munarriz, Amaia, Epelde, Irantzu, Deuchar, Margaret & Oyharçabal, Beñat
2015 Gender conflict resolution in Spanish–Basque mixed DPs. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 18(2): 304–323. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Parkvall, Mikael
2006 Was Haitian ever more like French? In Structure and variation in language contact, Ana Deumert & Stephanie Durrleman (eds.), 315–335. Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Pascual y Cabo, Diego & Rothman, Jason
2012 The (il)logical problem of heritage speaker bilingualism and incomplete acquisition. Applied Linguistics 33: 450–455. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Pensalfini, Rob & Meakins, Felicity
2019 Gender lender: Noun borrowings between Jingulu and Mudburra in northern Australia. Journal of Language Contact 12: 444–482.Google Scholar
Peirce, Jonathan W.
2007 PsychoPy—Psychophysics software in Python. Journal of Neuroscience Methods 162: 8–13.Google Scholar
Pérez Miranda, Bernardino
2011 Chitieno lengua ku ma kuendo (hablemos palenquero a través del cuento). Cartagena de Indias: Pluma de Mompox.Google Scholar
2018 Cho lobo 1. Cartagena: Alcaldía de Mahates & Instituto de Turismo y Cultura de Bolívar.Google Scholar
Pérez-Pereira, Miguel
1991 The acquisition of gender: What Spanish children tell us. Journal of Child Language 18: 571–590. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Pérez Tejedor, Juana Pabla
2004 El criollo de Palenque de San Basilio: Una visión estructural de su lengua. Bogotá: Universidad de los Andes, Centro Colombiano de Estudios de Lenguas Aborígenes.Google Scholar
Pfleiderer, Bettina
1998 Sprachtod und Revitalisierung der spanisch basierten Kreolsprache Palenquero (Kolumbien). Berlin: Freie Universität BerlinGoogle Scholar
Pienemann, Manfred, Di Biase, Bruno, Kawaguchi, Salomi & Håkansson, Gisella
2005 Processing constraints on L1 transfer. In Handbook of Bilingualism: Psycholinguistic Approaches, Judith Kroll & Annette M. B. de Groot (eds), 128–153. Oxford: OUP.Google Scholar
Polinsky, Maria
2006 Incomplete acquisition: American Russian. Journal of Slavic Linguistics 14: 191–262.Google Scholar
2008 Heritage language narratives. In Heritage Language Education: A New Field Emerging, Donna Brinton, Olga Kagan & Susan Bauckus (eds), 108–156. Mahwah NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.Google Scholar
2011 Reanalysis in adult heritage language: A case for attrition. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 45: 1–45.Google Scholar
Polinsky, Maria & Kagan, Olga
2007 Heritage languages: In the ‘wild’ and in the classroom. Language and Linguistics Compass 1(5): 368–395. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Poplack, Shana
1980 Sometimes I’ll start a sentence in English y termino en español. Linguistics 18: 581–618. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Poplack, Shana, Pousada, Alicia & Sankoff, David
1982 Competing influences on gender assignment: Variable process, stable outcome. Lingua 57: 1–28.Google Scholar
Portin, Marja & Laine, Matti
2001 Processing cost associated with inflectional morphology in bilingual speakers. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 4: 55–62. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Portin, Marja, Lehtonen, Minna & Laine, Matti
2007 Processing of inflected nouns in late bilinguals. Applied Psycholinguistics 28: 35–156. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Post, Marike
1998 La situación linguística del Fa d’Ambô. Foro Hispanico 13: 29–46.Google Scholar
Portin, Marja, Lehtonen, Minna, Harrer, Gabor, Wande, Erling, Niemi, Jussi & Laine, Matti
2008 L1 effects on the processing of inflected nouns in L2. Acta Psychologica 128: 452–465. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Potowski, Kim, Jegerski, Jill & Morgan-Short, Kara
2009 The effects of instruction on linguistic development in Spanish heritage language speakers. Language Learning 59: 537–579. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Putnam, Michael & Sánchez, Liliana
2013 What’s so incomplete about incomplete acquisition? – A prolegomenon to modeling heritage language grammars. Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism 3: 478–508. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Roeper, Thomas
1999 Universal bilingualism. Bilingualism, Language and Cognition 2: 169–186.Google Scholar
Sabourin, Laura, Stowe, Laurie & de Haan, Ger
2006 Transfer effects in learning a second language grammatical gender system. Second Language Research 22: 1–29. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Sagarra, Nuria & Herschensohn, Julia
2010 The role of proficiency and working memory in gender and number agreement processing in L1 and L2 Spanish. Lingua 120: 2022–2039. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Salamoura, Angeliki & Williams, John
2007 The representation of grammatical gender in the bilingual lexicon: Evidence from Greek and German. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 10: 257–275. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Salcedo Ramos, Alberto & Rodríguez, Cynthia
2005 El oro y la oscuridad: La vida gloriosa y trágica de Kid Pambelé. Bogotá: Debate.Google Scholar
Salgado Valdez, Luis Felipe
n.d. Estrategias pedagógicas para la enseñanza de la lengua palenquera. Ms, Barranquilla.Google Scholar
Sankoff, David, Poplack, Shana & Vanniarajan, Swathi
1990 The case of the nonce loan in Tamil. Language Variation and Change 2: 71–101. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Scheutz, Matthis & Eberhard, Kathleen
2004 Effects of morphosyntactic gender features in bilingual language processing. Cognitive Science 28: 559–588.Google Scholar
Schiller, Niels & Caramazza, Alfonso
2003 Grammatical feature selection in noun phrase production: Evidence from German and Dutch. Journal of Memory and Language 48: 169–194. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Schoonbaert, Sofie, Hartsuiker, Robert & Pickering, Martin
2007 The representation of lexical and syntactic information in bilinguals: Evidence from syntactic priming. Journal of Memory and Language 56: 153–171. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Schriefers, Herbert & Jescheniak, Jörg
1999 Representation and processing of grammatical gender in language production: A review. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research 28: 575–600. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Schwartz, Bonnie & Sprouse, Rex
1994 Word order and nominative case in nonnative language acquisition: A longitudinal study of (L1 Turkish) German interlanguage. In Language Acquisition Studies in Generative Grammar [Language Acquisition and Language Disorders 8], Teun Hoekstra & Bonnie Schwartz (eds), 317–368. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Schwegler, Armin
1991 Negation in Palenquero: Synchrony. Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 6: 165–214. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
1992 Future and conditional in Palenquero. Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 7: 223–259. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
1993 Subject pronouns and person / number in Palenquero. In Atlantic Meets Pacific: A Global View of Pidginization and Creolization [Creole Language Library 11], Frank Byrne & John Holm (eds), 145–161. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
1996 “Chi ma nkongo”: Lengua y rito ancestrales en El Palenque de San Basilio (Colombia), 2 Vols. Frankfurt: Vervuert.Google Scholar
1998 El palenquero. In América negra: Panorámica actual de los estudios lingüísticos sobre variedades hispanas, portuguesas y criollas, Matthias Perl & Armin Schwegler (eds), 219–291. Frankfurt: Vervuert Iberoamericana. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
2001 The myth of decreolization: The anomalous case of Palenquero. In Degrees of Restructuring in Creole Languages [Creole Language Library 22], Ingrid Neuman- Holzschuh & Edgar Schneider (eds), 409–436. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
2002 On the (African) origins of Palenquero subject pronouns. Diachronica 19(2): 273–332. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
2007a A fresh consensus in the marking: Plural ma and bare nouns in Palenquero. In Language Contact and Language Change in the Caribbean and beyond/Lenguas en contacto y cambio lingüístico en el Caribe y más allá, Wiltrud Mihatsch & Monika Sokol, 59–75. Frankfurt: Peter Lang.Google Scholar
2007b Bare nouns in Palenquero: A fresh consensus in the making. In Noun Phrases in Creole Languages: A Multi-faceted Approach [Creole Language Library 31], Marlyse Baptista & Jacqueline Guéron (eds), 205–222. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
2011a Palenque(ro): The search for its African substrate. In Creoles, their Substrates, and Language Typology [Typological Studies in Language 95], Claire Lefebvre (ed.), 225–249. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
2011b On the extraordinary revival of a creole: Palenquero (Colombia). In Endangered Languages – Voices and Images, Marleen Haboud & Nicholas Ostler (eds), 153–165. Bath: Foundation for Endangered Languages.Google Scholar
2011c Palenque: Colombia: Multilingualism in an extraordinary social and historical context. In The Handbook of Hispanic Sociolinguistics, Manuel Díaz-Campos (ed.), 446–472. Malden MA: Wiley-Blackwell. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
2012 Sobre el origen africano de la lengua criolla de Palenque (Colombia). In Palenque Colombia: Oralidad, identidad y resistencia, Graciela Maglia & Armin Schwegler (eds), 107–179. Bogotá: Pontificia Universidad Javeriana.Google Scholar
2013a Palenquero. In The Atlas and Survey of Pidgin and Creole Language Structures, Vol. II: Portuguese-based, Spanish-based and French-based Languages, Susanne Maria Michaelis, Philippe Maurer, Martin Haspelmath & Magnus Huber (eds), 182–192. Oxford: OUP.Google Scholar
2013b Palenquero structure data set. In The Atlas of Pidgin and Creole Language Structures Online, Susanne Maria Michaelis, Philippe Maurer, Martin Haspelmath & Magnus Huber (eds), Ch. 48. Munich: Max Planck Digital Library. http://​apics​-online​.info​/contributions​/48 (1 January 2015).Google Scholar
2016 Truth reset: Pragmatics in Palenquero negation. In The Iberian Challenge: Creole Languages beyond the Plantation Setting, Armin Schwegler, John McWhorter & Liane Ströbel (eds), 231–268. Frankfurt & Madrid: Vervuert & Iberoamericana. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
2017 On the African origin(s) of Palenquero. In Schwegler, Kirschen, & Maglia (eds.), 51–119.Google Scholar
2018a Negation in Palenquero: Syntax, pragmatics, and change in progress. In Negation and Negative Concord in Creole Languages [Creole Language Library 55], Viviane Déprez & Fabiola Henri (eds), 257–288, Amsterdam: John Benjamins. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
2018b On the controversial origins of non-canonical Spanish and Portuguese negation: Case closed? Lingua 202: 24–43.Google Scholar
Schwegler, Armin & Green, Kate
2007 Palenquero (creole Spanish). In Comparative Creole Syntax: Parallel Outlines of 18 Creole Grammars, John Holm & Peter Patrick (eds), 273–306. London: Battlebridge.Google Scholar
Schwegler, Armin, Kirschen, Bryan & Maglia, Graciela
(eds) 2017 Orality, Identity and Resistance in Palenque (Colombia): An Interdisciplinary Approach [Contact Language Library 54]. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Schwegler, Armin & Morton, Thomas
2003 Vernacular Spanish in a microcosm: Kateyano in El Palenque de San Basilio (Colombia). Revista Internacional de Lingüística Iberoamericana 1: 97–159.Google Scholar
Scorza, David & Franklin, Karl J.
1989 An advanced course in Tok Pisin. Ukarumpa, Papua New Guinea: Summer Institute of Linguistics.Google Scholar
Sera, Maria, Berge, Christian & del Castillo Pintado, Javier
1994 Grammatical and conceptual forces in the attribution of gender by English and Spanish speakers. Cognitive Development 9: 261–292. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Sessarego, Sandro
2013 Chota Valley Spanish. Madrid & Frankfurt: Iberoamericana & Vervuert. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Sherkina-Lieber, Marina
2011 Comprehension of Labrador Inuttitut Functional Morphology by Receptive Bilinguals. PhD dissertation, University of Toronto.
Shin, Jeong-Ah & Christianson, Kiel
2009 Syntactic processing in Korean–English bilingual production: Evidence from cross-linguistic structural priming. Cognition 112: 175–180. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Simarra Obeso, Rutsely, Reyes, Regina Miranda & Pérez Tejedor, Juana Pabla
2008 Lengua ri Palenge jende suto ta chitiá. Cartagena de Indias: Casa Editorial C. I. Organización Digital.Google Scholar
Simarra Reyes, Luís & Triviño Doval, Álvaro Enrique
2008 Gramática de la lengua palenquera: Introducción para principiantes. Cartagena de Indias: Grafipapel.Google Scholar
2012 CD interactivo de la lengua palenquera. Colección Bololó Lungumbe. Sponsored by Ministerio de Cultura, Gobernación de Bolívar, Fondo Mixto para la Promoción de la Cultura y las Artes de Bolívar, Alcaldía Municipal de Mahates, Ediciones Pluma de Mompox, Corporación Sociocultural de Afrodescendientes.Google Scholar
Singh, Patrick, Clanet, Patric & Molino, Julien
1999 Palenque de San Basilio. Pézenas: Editions Domens.Google Scholar
Smith, Hiram
2013 Habitual aspect marking in Palenquero: Variation in present temporal reference. In Selected Proceedings of the 6th Workshop on Spanish Sociolinguistics, Ana Carvalho & Sara Beaudrie (eds), 97–108. Somerville MA: Cascadilla Proceedings Project.Google Scholar
2014 Patterns of Variable Grammatical Marking in Palenquero Creole. PhD dissertation, Pennsylvania State University.
2018 Addressing questions of grammaticalization in creoles: It's all about the methodology . In Grammaticalization from a typological perspective, Heiko Narrog & Bernd Heine (eds.), 372–393. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Spalek, Katharina, Franck, Julie, Schriefers, Herbert & Frauenfelder, Ulrich
2008 Phonological regularities and grammatical gender retrieval in spoken word recognition and word production. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research 37: 419–442. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Spang, Mary Beth
2014 Individual and group differences in the production of Lengua Palenquera. Poster presented at the PSUxLing undergraduate research form , Penn State University, 3 October.
Spence, Charles & Read, Liliana
2003 Speech shadowing while driving: On the difficulty of splitting attention between eye and ear. Psychological Science 4(3): 251–256. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Spencer, Nancy J.
1973 Differences between linguists and nonlinguists in intuitions of grammaticality-acceptability. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research 2: 83–98. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Sprouse, Jon, Schütze, Carson & Almeida, Diogo
2013 A comparison of informal and formal acceptability judgments using a random sample from Linguistic Inquiry 2001–2010. Lingua 134: 219–248. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Stanners, Robert, Neiser, James, Hernon, William & Hall, Roger
1979 Memory representation for morphologically related words. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 18: 399–412. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Stanners, Robert, Neiser, James & Painton, Scott
1979 Memory representation for prefixed words. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 18: 733–743. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Stolz, Thomas
2012 Survival in a niche: On gender-copying in Chamorro (and sundry languages). In Morphologies in contact, Martine Vanhove, Thomas Stolz, Aina Urdze, & Hitomi Otsuka (eds.), 93–140. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Tadmor, Uri
2007 Grammatical borrowing in Indonesian. In Grammatical borrowing in cross-linguistic perspective, Yaron Matras & Jeanette Sakel (eds.), 301–328. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Taylor, John
2002 Cognitive grammar. Oxford: OUP.Google Scholar
Thomas, Enlli Môn & Gathercole, Virginia
2007 Children’s productive command of grammatical gender and mutation in Welsh: An alternative to rule-based learning. First Language 27: 251–278. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Tommola, Jorma & Hyona, Jukka
1990 Mental load in listening, speech shadowing and simultaneous interpreting: A pupilometric study. Presented at the 9th World Congress of Applied Linguistics , Thessaloniki, Greece, 15–21 April.
Treisman, Anne
1965 The effects of redundancy and familiarity on translating and repeating back a foreign and a native language. British Journal of Psychology 56: 369–379. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Truscott, John & Sharwood Smith, Mike
2004 Acquisition by processing: A modular perspective on language development. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 7: 1–20. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Ullman, Michael
2004 Contributions of memory circuits to language: The declarative/procedural model. Cognition 92: 231–270. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Urciuoli, Bonnie
1995 Languages and borders. Annual Review of Anthropology 24: 525–546. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Urueta, José P.
1890 Documentos para la historia de Cartagena, Vol. 3. Cartagena: Tipografía de Aranjo.Google Scholar
Vainikka, Anne & Young-Scholten, Martha
1994 Direct access to X’-theory. Evidence from Korean and Turkish adults learning German. In Language Acquisition Studies in Generative Grammar [Language Acquisition and Language Disorders 8], Teun Hoekstra & Bonnie Schwartz (eds), 265–316. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
1996 Gradual development of L2 phrase structure. Second Language Research 12: 7–39. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Valdés, Guadalupe
2000 Bilingualism and language use among Mexican Americans. In New immigrants in the United States, Sandra McKay & Sau-ling Cynthia Wong (eds.), 99–136. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Valdés Kroff, Jorge, Dussias, Paola, Gerfen, Chipi, Perrotti, Lauren, & Bajo, M. Teresa
2017 Experience with code-switching modulates the use of grammatical gender during sentence processing. Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism 72: 163–198.Google Scholar
van Berkum, Jos J. A.
1997 Syntactic processes in speech production: The retrieval of grammatical gender. Cognition 64: 115–152. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
van Heuven, Walter, Schriefers, Herbert, Dijkstra, Ton & Hagoort, Peter
2008 Language conflict in the bilingual brain. Cerebral Cortex 18: 2706–2716. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Vergara Serpa, Berena
(ed.) 2012 Alepuela e Ña Bisenta: Katía pa insiñá mu kombetsá ri Palenge/cartilla para la enseñanza de la lengua palenquera. Cartagena: Universidad de Cartagena, Observatorio del Caribe, and Gobernación de Bolívar.Google Scholar
(ed.) 2013 Ma kuendo ri ma monasito ri Palenge asé. Cartagena: Universidad de Cartagena, Observatorio del Caribe, and Gobernación de Bolívar.Google Scholar
Vigliocco, Gabriella & Franck, Julie
1999 When sex and syntax go hand in hand: Gender agreement in language production. Journal of Memory and Language 40: 455–478. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Vigliocco, Gabriella, Vinson, David, Indefrey, Peter, Levelt, Willem & Hellwig, Frauke
2004 Role of grammatical gender and semantics in German word production. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 30: 483–497. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Vinther, Thora
2002 Elicited imitation: A brief overview. International Journal of Applied Linguistics 12: 54–73. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Vos, Sandra, Gunter, Thomas, Schriefers, Herbert & Friederici, Angela
2001 Syntactic parsing and working memory: The effects of syntactic complexity, reading span, and concurrent load. Language and Cognitive Processes 16: 65–103. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Washabaugh, William
1977 Constraining variation in decreolization. Language 53: 329–352. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Waters, Gloria S. & Caplan, David
1996 The capacity theory of sentence comprehension: Critique of Just and Carpenter (1992). Psychological Review 103: 761–772. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Waters, Gloria, Caplan, David & Yampolsky, Sasha
2003 On-line syntactic processing under concurrent memory load. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 10: 88–95. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Weber, Kirsten & Indefrey, Peter
2009 Syntactic priming in German-English bilinguals during sentence comprehension. Neuroimage 46: 1164–1172. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Cited by

Cited by 3 other publications

No author info given
2021.  In Spanish Socio-Historical Linguistics [Advances in Historical Sociolinguistics, 12], Crossref logo
Cassiani Obeso, Estilita María
2021. Reinforcement of Grammatical Structures through Explicit Instruction in Palenquero Creole: A Pilot Study. Languages 6:1 ► pp. 41 ff. Crossref logo
Lipski, John M.
2020. LANGUAGE REVITALIZATION AS L2 SHADOW BOXING. Studies in Second Language Acquisition ► pp. 1 ff. Crossref logo

This list is based on CrossRef data as of 09 april 2021. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers. Any errors therein should be reported to them.

Subjects

Linguistics

Romance linguistics
Creole studies
Bilingualism
Contact Linguistics
BIC Subject: CF/2ZP – Linguistics/Pidgins & Creoles
BISAC Subject: LAN009000 – LANGUAGE ARTS & DISCIPLINES / Linguistics / General
U.S. Library of Congress Control Number:  2019054224 | Marc record