Current change in the modal system of English

A case study of must, have to and have got to

Joanne Close | University of Leeds

Bas Aarts | University College London

This paper takes the variation between must, have to and have got to as a window through which to view changes in the modal system in Present-Day British English (1960s–1990s). The results from this study show a dramatic decrease in frequency of the core modal must and a significant increase in frequency of the semi-modal have to in the Diachronic Corpus of Present-Day Spoken English (DCPSE). Changes in the modal system affect both epistemic and root uses of must, although have to is only an active rival to root must; epistemic instances of have to (and have got to) are rare in the corpus. We suggest that a tendency to avoid expressions of strong commitment is the cause of the decline in must. This is supported by similar falls in the frequency of should and ought found by Leech et al. (2009).

Published online: 28 October 2010
https://doi.org/10.1075/cilt.314.13clo

Cited by

Cited by 2 other publications

Amador-Moreno, Carolina P., Karen P. Corrigan, Kevin McCafferty & Emma Moreton

2016. In Creating and Digitizing Language Corpora, ► pp. 25 ff.

Penry Williams, Cara & Minna Korhonen

2020. A sociolinguistic perspective on the (quasi-)modals of obligation and necessity in Australian English. English World-Wide. A Journal of Varieties of English 41:3 ► pp. 267 ff.

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