Finding Metaphor in Grammar and Usage
A methodological analysis of theory and research
| VU University Amsterdam
Cognitive linguists have proposed that metaphor is not just a matter of language but of thought, and that metaphorical thought displays a high degree of conventionalization. In order to produce converging evidence for this theory of metaphor, a wide range of data is currently being studied with a large array of methods and techniques. Finding Metaphor in Grammar and Usage aims to map the field of this development in theory and research from a methodological perspective. It raises the question when exactly evidence for metaphor in language and thought can be said to count as converging. It also goes into the various stages of producing such evidence (conceptualization, operationalization, data collection and analysis, and interpretation). The book offers systematic discussion of eight distinct areas of metaphor research that emerge as a result of approaching metaphor as part of grammar or usage, language or thought, and symbolic structure or cognitive process.
[Converging Evidence in Language and Communication Research, 10] 2007. xvi, 430 pp.
Publishing status: Available
© John Benjamins Publishing Company
Table of Contents
|
Preface
|
xiii
|
|
Ackowledgements
|
xv
|
|
Part I. Foundations
|
1
|
|
Chapter 1. Mapping the field
|
3–25
|
|
Chapter 2. The deductive approach
|
27–46
|
|
Chapter 3. Conceptualization: Theoretical definitions
|
47–71
|
|
Chapter 4. Operationalization: Operational definitions
|
73–102
|
|
Chapter 5. Application: Data collection and analysis
|
103–129
|
|
Part II. Finding metaphor in grammar
|
131
|
|
Chapter 6. Linguistic forms in grammar
|
133–169
|
|
Chapter 7. Conceptual structures in grammar (1): Domains
|
171–200
|
|
Chapter 8. Conceptual structures in grammar (2): Mappings
|
201–228
|
|
Chapter 9. Cognitive processes and products in grammar
|
229–263
|
|
Part III: Finding metaphor in usage
|
265
|
|
Chapter 10. Linguistic forms and conceptual structures in usage (1): Metaphorical language use
|
267–308
|
|
Chapter 11. Linguistic forms and conceptual structures in usage (2): Other forms of metaphor
|
309–343
|
|
Chapter 12. Cognitive processes and products in usage
|
345–378
|
|
Conclusion
|
379
|
|
Chapter 13. Evidence for metaphor in grammar and usage
|
381–403
|
|
References
|
405–425
|
|
Index
|
427–430
|
“The level of detail and the attempts to cut through the almost impenetrable tangle of terms and assumptions in recent metaphor research mean that this is going to be an important book for researchers from all traditions. Steen’s desire that metaphor research should be transparent, consistent and replicable is to be commended. The book will be much cited.”
Graham Low, University of York
“This volume is a must-have for anyone interested in metaphor research. It offers authoritative, up-to-date coverage of theory and research on metaphor, while preserving a rich, usage-based perspective. It covers the major theories of metaphor, including conceptual metaphor, blending, structure-mapping and categorization-based approaches, and does so in a clear, highly readable fashion. A particularly valuable feature for instructors and students is a set of tables in which Steen systematizes and compares positions and predictions across the major theories of metaphor.”
Dedre Gentner, Northwestern University
“Reading of this monograph will leave no doubt as to the fact that the author was able to present his claims in a systematic and efficient manner. The architecture of the book consequently builds its arguments, the coverage of the field (albeit restricted to just one approach, cognitive linguistics) is most comprehensive, the conclusions are logically driven and clearly stated. This book is an important step in increasing the level of methodological rigor in metaphor research, and, more broadly, in cognitive linguistics. With this excellent book cognitive linguistics becomes more methodologically self-aware however in its level of formalization still remains far-apart from formal approaches.”
Danko Sipka, Arizona State University, on Linguist List Vol. 19.2183
“Gerard Steen’s important and provocative book addresses the problem of how to reliably identify metaphors and adequately account for their symbolic and conceptual structure, as well as their production and comprehension. Steen’s research agenda is ambitious. He develops a multidimensional procedural approach to metaphor identification and description that, at each stage, is guided by transparent intersubjective verifiable principles. This monograph is a most welcome contribution to the study of metaphor. It is bound to stimulate discussion about the empirical validity of current conceptual metaphor theories.”
Klaus-Uw Panther, University of Hamburg
“Steen's detailed discussion of research into metaphor in language and thought is extremely timely in its tackling of methodological issues that have often been neglected in the excitement of rapid theoretical developments in the field. [...] For me, the complexity of the prose, both at the level of sentence and of argumentation, meant that the book is not an easy read- perhaps this is inevitable given the range of topics covered and the ambitious depth. However, this is a minor criticism of what is a significant contribution in the field, one that will form core reading for current and future researchers of metaphor.”
Alice Deignan, University of Leeds, UK, in Cognitive Linguistics, Vol. 21, Number 2 (2010)
Cited by
Cited by other publications
No author info given
2014.
In Exploring Functional-Cognitive Space [Studies in Language Companion Series, 157],
No author info given
2015.
In Organizational Knowledge Dynamics [Advances in Knowledge Acquisition, Transfer, and Management, ],
► pp. 1 ff.
No author info given
2017.
In Multimodal Metaphor and Metonymy in Advertising [Figurative Thought and Language, 2],
No author info given
2018.
In Attention to Metaphor [Metaphor in Language, Cognition, and Communication, 7],
No author info given
2018.
In Event Structure Metaphors through the Body [Figurative Thought and Language, 4],
Abdel-Raheem, Ahmed
2018. Metaphoric moral framing and image-text relations in the op-ed genre.
Information Design Journal 24:1 ► pp. 42 ff.
A'Beckett, Ludmilla
2014. Review of Cameron & Maslen (2010): Metaphor Analysis: Research Practice in Applied Linguistics, Social Sciences and the Humanities.
Metaphor and the Social World 4:1 ► pp. 127 ff.
Abdel-Raheem, Ahmed
2014. The JOURNEY metaphor and moral political cognition.
Pragmatics & Cognition 22:3 ► pp. 373 ff.
Aksan, Yeşim & Dilek Kantar
2008. No Wellness Feels Better than This Sickness: Love Metaphors from a Cross-Cultural Perspective.
Metaphor and Symbol 23:4 ► pp. 262 ff.
Athanasiadou, Angeliki
2017.
In Studies in Figurative Thought and Language [Human Cognitive Processing, 56],
► pp. 152 ff.
Athanasiadou, Angeliki
2017. Pride.
International Journal of Language and Culture 4:1 ► pp. 6 ff.
Barnabé, Aurélie
2013. De l’expérience kinesthésique à la structuration prépositionnelle du schème-image du chemin.
Corela :11-1
Beger, Anke
2015.
In Metaphor in Specialist Discourse [Metaphor in Language, Cognition, and Communication, 4],
► pp. 53 ff.
Brdar, Mario, Rita Brdar-Szabó & Benedikt Perak
2020.
In Figurative Meaning Construction in Thought and Language [Figurative Thought and Language, 9],
► pp. 46 ff.
Burgers, Christian, Margot van Mulken & Peter Jan Schellens
2011. Finding Irony: An Introduction of the Verbal Irony Procedure (VIP).
Metaphor and Symbol 26:3 ► pp. 186 ff.
Chen, Jun, Yuesheng Gu & Yanpei Liu
2012. Grid Service Concurrency Control Protocol.
Journal of Networks 7:4
Ciolăneanu, Roxana
2019.
In The Role of Language and Symbols in Promotional Strategies and Marketing Schemes [Advances in Marketing, Customer Relationship Management, and E-Services, ],
► pp. 193 ff.
Ciolăneanu, Roxana
2021.
In Handbook of Research on Translating Myth and Reality in Women Imagery Across Disciplines [Advances in Linguistics and Communication Studies, ],
► pp. 64 ff.
David, Oana
2021.
In
Give Constructions across Languages [Constructional Approaches to Language, 29],
Denroche, Charles
2018. Text metaphtonymy.
Metaphor and the Social World 8:1 ► pp. 1 ff.
Di Biase-Dyson, Camilla & Markus Egg
2020.
In Drawing Attention to Metaphor [Figurative Thought and Language, 5],
► pp. 1 ff.
Dobrić, Nikola & Franzisca Weder
2016. Media conceptualizing illnesses – the case of the flu.
Continuum 30:1 ► pp. 126 ff.
Dorst, Aletta G
2015. More or different metaphors in fiction? A quantitative cross-register comparison.
Language and Literature: International Journal of Stylistics 24:1 ► pp. 3 ff.
Dorst, Aletta G.
2011. Personification in discourse: Linguistic forms, conceptual structures and communicative functions.
Language and Literature: International Journal of Stylistics 20:2 ► pp. 113 ff.
Dunn, Jonathan
2010. Gradient Semantic Intuitions of Metaphoric Expressions.
Metaphor and Symbol 26:1 ► pp. 53 ff.
Dunn, Jonathan
2015. Three Types of Metaphoric Utterances That Can Synthesize Theories of Metaphor.
Metaphor and Symbol 30:1 ► pp. 1 ff.
Díaz-Peralta, Marina
2018. Metaphor and ideology: Conceptual structure and conceptual content in Spanish political discourse.
Discourse & Communication 12:2 ► pp. 128 ff.
Egan, Thomas
2013. Review of Brdar, Gries & Fuchs (2011): Cognitive Linguistics: Convergence and expansion.
Functions of Language 20:2 ► pp. 283 ff.
Falck, Marlene Johansson
2010. Metaphors Dead and Alive, Sleeping and Waking: A Dynamic Viewby Cornelia Müller.
Metaphor and Symbol 25:2 ► pp. 114 ff.
Ferentzy, Peter & Nigel E. Turner
2012. Morals, medicine, metaphors, and the history of the disease model of problem gambling.
Journal of Gambling Issues :27
Ferentzy, Peter & Nigel E. Turner
2013.
In The History of Problem Gambling,
► pp. 5 ff.
Forceville, Charles J.
2019. Andreas Musolff (2016), Political Metaphor Analysis: Discourse and Scenarios
.
Cognitive Linguistic Studies 6:1 ► pp. 210 ff.
Gathigia, Moses Gatambuki, Daniel Ochieng Orwenjo & Ruth Wangeci Ndungu
2018. Foodsemic metaphors of love in Gĩkũyũ: Insights from cognitive semantics.
Cognitive Linguistic Studies 5:2 ► pp. 341 ff.
Gibbs, Raymond W.
2011. Evaluating Conceptual Metaphor Theory.
Discourse Processes 48:8 ► pp. 529 ff.
Group, Pragglejaz
2007. MIP: A Method for Identifying Metaphorically Used Words in Discourse.
Metaphor and Symbol 22:1 ► pp. 1 ff.
H. Smith, Thomas
2015.
In Metaphor in Specialist Discourse [Metaphor in Language, Cognition, and Communication, 4],
► pp. 215 ff.
Hampl, Marek
2020. The use of the PATH and FORCE image schemas in Barack Obama’s counterterrorism discourse against ISIL.
Critical Discourse Studies ► pp. 1 ff.
Hart, Gwen
2015.
In Elicited Metaphor Analysis in Educational Discourse [Metaphor in Language, Cognition, and Communication, 3],
► pp. 265 ff.
Haught, Catrinel
2013. A Tale of Two Tropes: How Metaphor and Simile Differ.
Metaphor and Symbol 28:4 ► pp. 254 ff.
Herrmann, J. Berenike & Tony Berber Sardinha
2015.
In Metaphor in Specialist Discourse [Metaphor in Language, Cognition, and Communication, 4],
► pp. 3 ff.
Hodiamont, Didier, Hans Hoeken & Margot van Mulken
2018.
In Visual Metaphor [Converging Evidence in Language and Communication Research, 18],
► pp. 163 ff.
Jing-Schmidt, Zhuo
2010. Review of Gilquin (2010): Corpus, cognition and causative constructions.
Studies in Language 34:4 ► pp. 922 ff.
Julich, Nina
2018.
In Sensory Perceptions in Language, Embodiment and Epistemology [Studies in Applied Philosophy, Epistemology and Rational Ethics, 42],
► pp. 133 ff.
Krisnawati, Ekaning
2014. Metaphors in Indonesian Soccer News.
Theory and Practice in Language Studies 4:1
Li, Shuguang & Klaus-Uwe Panther
2014. ‘Author (date)’ constructions in academic discourse.
English Text Construction 7:2 ► pp. 215 ff.
Liljegren, Andreas
2012. Key Metaphors in the Sociology of Professions: Occupations as Hierarchies and Landscapes.
Comparative Sociology 11:1 ► pp. 88 ff.
Littlemore, Jeannette, Phyllis Trautman Chen, Almut Koester & John Barnden
2011. Difficulties in Metaphor Comprehension Faced by International Students whose First Language is not English.
Applied Linguistics 32:4 ► pp. 408 ff.
Low, Graham
2015.
In Elicited Metaphor Analysis in Educational Discourse [Metaphor in Language, Cognition, and Communication, 3],
► pp. 15 ff.
Lu, Xiaofei & Ben Pin-Yun Wang
2017. Towards a metaphor-annotated corpus of Mandarin Chinese.
Language Resources and Evaluation 51:3 ► pp. 663 ff.
Lynch, Heather Lynn & Teresa Renae Fisher-Ari
2018. What We Learned about Using Metaphors in College Teaching: Methods and Meanings.
College Teaching 66:2 ► pp. 60 ff.
Marhula, Joanna
2018. “It’s like herding butterflies”.
Metaphor and the Social World 8:1 ► pp. 64 ff.
Marhula, Joanna & Maciej Rosiński
2019.
In Metaphor Identification in Multiple Languages [Converging Evidence in Language and Communication Research, 22],
► pp. 184 ff.
Martin, Paul C.
2013. THE EXPLORATORY AND REFLECTIVE DOMAIN OF METAPHOR IN THE COMPARISON OF RELIGIONS.
Zygon® 48:4 ► pp. 936 ff.
Meyers, Charlène
2019. Difficulties in Identifying and Translating Linguistic Metaphors: A Survey and Experiment among Translation Students.
English Studies at NBU 5:2 ► pp. 308 ff.
Musolff, Andreas
2012. The study of metaphor as part of critical discourse analysis.
Critical Discourse Studies 9:3 ► pp. 301 ff.
Musolff, Andreas
2015. Dehumanizing metaphors in UK immigrant debates in press and online media.
Journal of Language Aggression and Conflict 3:1 ► pp. 41 ff.
Musolff, Andreas
2021.
In National Conceptualisations of the Body Politic [Cultural Linguistics, ],
► pp. 51 ff.
Nacey, Susan, Tina Krennmayr, Aletta G. Dorst & W. Gudrun Reijnierse
2019.
In Metaphor Identification in Multiple Languages [Converging Evidence in Language and Communication Research, 22],
► pp. 42 ff.
Onysko, Alexander
2016. Enhanced creativity in bilinguals? Evidence from meaning interpretations of novel compounds.
International Journal of Bilingualism 20:3 ► pp. 315 ff.
Onysko, Alexander
2017. Conceptual metaphor variation in meaning interpretation.
Cognitive Linguistic Studies 4:1 ► pp. 7 ff.
Patterson, Katie J.
2016. The Analysis of Metaphor: To What Extent Can the Theory of Lexical Priming Help Our Understanding of Metaphor Usage and Comprehension?.
Journal of Psycholinguistic Research 45:2 ► pp. 237 ff.
Philip, Gill
2016. Review of Miller & Monti (2014): Tradurre Figure / Translating Figurative Language.
Metaphor and the Social World 6:1 ► pp. 156 ff.
Pihlaja, Stephen
2013. ‘It’s all red ink’: The interpretation of biblical metaphor among Evangelical Christian YouTube users.
Language and Literature: International Journal of Stylistics 22:2 ► pp. 103 ff.
Pinero-Pinero, Gracia, Marina Díaz-Peralta & María J. García-Domínguez
2014. Metaphors of Irregular Immigration in the Spanish Language Press in the United States.
Studia Neophilologica 86:1 ► pp. 51 ff.
Plug, Leendert, Basil Sharrack & Markus Reuber
2011. Metaphors in the description of seizure experiences: Common expressions and differential diagnosis.
Language and Cognition 3:2 ► pp. 209 ff.
Popova, Yanna
2010.
In The Encyclopedia of the Novel,
Price, Hazel & Jack Wilson
2019. Relevance theory and metaphor: An analysis of Tom Waits’ ‘Emotional Weather Report’.
Language and Literature: International Journal of Stylistics 28:1 ► pp. 61 ff.
RASSE, CARINA, ALEXANDER ONYSKO & FRANCESCA M. M. CITRON
2020. Conceptual metaphors in poetry interpretation: a psycholinguistic approach.
Language and Cognition 12:2 ► pp. 310 ff.
Rasulić, Katarina
2017. A metaphor biangle.
Metaphor and the Social World 7:1 ► pp. 130 ff.
Reda Ali Hassan, Mahmoud
2018. Pragmatic Investment of Figurative and Non-Figurative Designations: The Case of the Egyptian Revolution in Arabic and English Contexts.
Journal of Universal Language 19:2 ► pp. 53 ff.
Reijnierse, W. Gudrun, Christian Burgers, Tina Krennmayr & Gerard J. Steen
2018. DMIP: A Method for Identifying Potentially Deliberate Metaphor in Language Use.
Corpus Pragmatics 2:2 ► pp. 129 ff.
Reijnierse, W. Gudrun, Christian Burgers, Tina Krennmayr & Gerard J. Steen
2018. On metaphorical views, dynamite, and doodlings.
Review of Cognitive Linguistics 16:2 ► pp. 431 ff.
Ritchie, L. David & Mariko Thomas
2015. A “bright blue ball”, “brushed with clouds” or “parched, scorched, and washed away”?.
Metaphor and the Social World 5:1 ► pp. 1 ff.
Ritchie, L. David & Min Zhu
2015. “NixonStonewalledthe Investigation”: Potential Contributions of Grammatical Metaphor to Conceptual Metaphor Theory and Analysis.
Metaphor and Symbol 30:2 ► pp. 118 ff.
Roldán-Riejos, Ana & Georgina Cuadrado
2015. Metaphor and Figurative Meaning Construction in Science and Technology (English and Spanish).
Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 212 ► pp. 271 ff.
Ruiz de Mendoza Ibáñez, Francisco José & Lorena Pérez Hernández
2011. The Contemporary Theory of Metaphor: Myths, Developments and Challenges.
Metaphor and Symbol 26:3 ► pp. 161 ff.
Schilperoord, Joost
2018.
In Visual Metaphor [Converging Evidence in Language and Communication Research, 18],
► pp. 11 ff.
Schröder, Ulrike
2015. Society and culture as container.
International Journal of Language and Culture 2:1 ► pp. 38 ff.
Skorczynska, Hanna & Kathleen Ahrens
2015. A corpus-based study of metaphor signaling variations in three genres.
Text & Talk 35:3
Spooren, Wilbert
2018.
In Visual Metaphor [Converging Evidence in Language and Communication Research, 18],
► pp. 1 ff.
Steen, Gerard
2008. The Paradox of Metaphor: Why We Need a Three-Dimensional Model of Metaphor.
Metaphor and Symbol 23:4 ► pp. 213 ff.
Steen, Gerard
2009.
In Metaphor and Discourse,
► pp. 25 ff.
Steen, Gerard
2011. Metaphor, Language, and Discourse Processes.
Discourse Processes 48:8 ► pp. 585 ff.
Steen, Gerard
2011. The language of knowledge management: A linguistic approach to metaphor analysis.
Systems Research and Behavioral Science 28:2 ► pp. 181 ff.
Steen, Gerard J.
2018.
In Visual Metaphor [Converging Evidence in Language and Communication Research, 18],
► pp. 185 ff.
Stickles, Elise, Oana David, Ellen K. Dodge & Jisup Hong
2016. Formalizing contemporary conceptual metaphor theory.
Constructions and Frames 8:2 ► pp. 166 ff.
Stockwell, Peter
2008. Review Article: The year's work in stylistics 2007.
Language and Literature: International Journal of Stylistics 17:4 ► pp. 351 ff.
Strugielska, Ariadna
2015.
In Elicited Metaphor Analysis in Educational Discourse [Metaphor in Language, Cognition, and Communication, 3],
► pp. 65 ff.
Sullivan, Karen
2014. Visibility and economy as dimensions of metaphoric language.
Language and Literature: International Journal of Stylistics 23:4 ► pp. 347 ff.
Tabbert, Ulrike
2016.
In Language and Crime,
► pp. 157 ff.
Tang, Xuri, Weiguang Qu, Xiaohe Chen & Shiwen Yu
2010.
In 2010 International Conference on Asian Language Processing,
► pp. 95 ff.
Tay, Dennis
2012. Applying the Notion of Metaphor Types to Enhance Counseling Protocols.
Journal of Counseling & Development 90:2 ► pp. 142 ff.
Tay, Dennis
2016. Metaphor and Psychological Transference.
Metaphor and Symbol 31:1 ► pp. 11 ff.
Thalhammer, Elmar J.
2015.
In Metaphor in Specialist Discourse [Metaphor in Language, Cognition, and Communication, 4],
► pp. 101 ff.
Ureña Gómez-Moreno, José Manuel
2016. Refining the understanding of novel metaphor in specialised language discourse.
Terminology. International Journal of Theoretical and Applied Issues in Specialized Communication 22:1 ► pp. 1 ff.
Ureña Gómez-Moreno, José Manuel & Pamela Faber
2010. Strategies for the Semi-Automatic Retrieval of Metaphorical Terms.
Metaphor and Symbol 26:1 ► pp. 23 ff.
van Poppel, Lotte
2020. The Study of Metaphor in Argumentation Theory.
Argumentation
van Weelden, Lisanne, Alfons Maes, Joost Schilperoord & Reinier Cozijn
2011. The Role of Shape in Comparing Objects: How Perceptual Similarity May Affect Visual Metaphor Processing.
Metaphor and Symbol 26:4 ► pp. 272 ff.
van Weelden, Lisanne, Alfons Maes, Joost Schilperoord & Marc Swerts
2012. How Object Shape Affects Visual Metaphor Processing.
Experimental Psychology 59:6 ► pp. 364 ff.
Van Weelden, Lisanne, Fons Maes & Joost Schilperoord
2018.
In Visual Metaphor [Converging Evidence in Language and Communication Research, 18],
► pp. 147 ff.
Wan, Wan
2015.
In Elicited Metaphor Analysis in Educational Discourse [Metaphor in Language, Cognition, and Communication, 3],
► pp. 213 ff.
Wan, Wan & Graham Low
2015.
In Elicited Metaphor Analysis in Educational Discourse [Metaphor in Language, Cognition, and Communication, 3],
► pp. 1 ff.
Wan, Wan & Sarah Turner
2018. Applying metaphor analysis to academic literacy research.
Metaphor and the Social World 8:2 ► pp. 286 ff.
Williams Camus, Julia T.
2015.
In Metaphor in Specialist Discourse [Metaphor in Language, Cognition, and Communication, 4],
► pp. 245 ff.
Wilson, Deirdre & Patricia Kolaiti
2017.
In Implicitness [Pragmatics & Beyond New Series, 276],
► pp. 147 ff.
Wyrwa, Anna
2019.
In Languages – Cultures – Worldviews,
► pp. 293 ff.
Yilmaz, Seda & Selda Polat
2012. Metaphor Perceptions of Primary School Administrators and Teachers Towards the Instituon They Work for.
Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 55 ► pp. 669 ff.
Šipka, Danko
2019.
In Lexical Layers of Identity,
Šorm, Ester & Gerard J. Steen
2018.
In Visual Metaphor [Converging Evidence in Language and Communication Research, 18],
► pp. 47 ff.
This list is based on CrossRef data as of 07 january 2021. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers. Any errors therein should be reported to them.
Subjects
BIC Subject: CFG – Semantics, Pragmatics, Discourse Analysis
BISAC Subject: LAN009000 – LANGUAGE ARTS & DISCIPLINES / Linguistics / General