Records of Real People

Linguistic variation in Middle English local documents

Editors
| University of Stavanger
| University of Stavanger
Hardbound – Available
ISBN 9789027207951 | EUR 99.00 | USD 149.00
 
e-Book –
ISBN 9789027260482 | EUR 99.00 | USD 149.00
 
English local documents – leases, wills, accounts, letters and the like – provide a unique resource for historical sociolinguistics. Abundant from the early fifteenth century, they represent the language and concerns of people from a wide range of social, institutional and geographical backgrounds. However, as relatively few documents have been available digitally or in print, they have been an underresearched resource.

This volume shows the tremendous potential of late- and post-medieval English local documents: highly variable in language, often colourful, including developing formulae as well as glimpses of actual recorded speech. The volume contains eleven chapters relating to a new resource, A Corpus of Middle English Local Documents (MELD). The first four chapters outline a theoretical and methodological approach to the study of local documents. The remaining seven present studies of different aspects of the material, including supralocalization, local patterns of spelling and morphology, land terminology, punctuation, formulaicness and multilingualism.

[Advances in Historical Sociolinguistics, 11]  2020.  ix, 310 pp.
Publishing status: Available
© John Benjamins
https://doi.org/10.1075/ahs.11
Table of Contents
Acknowledgements
vii–viii
Note on the cited texts and conventions
ix
Part I. Approaches to Middle English local documents
Chapter 1. Local documents as source material for the study of late medieval English
Merja Stenroos and Kjetil V. Thengs
3–21
Chapter 2. Grouping and regrouping Middle English documents
Martti Mäkinen
23–35
Chapter 3. The categorization of Middle English documents: Interactions of function, form and language
Merja Stenroos, Geir Bergstrøm and Kjetil V. Thengs
37–67
Chapter 4. The geography of Middle English documentary texts
Merja Stenroos and Kjetil V. Thengs
69–92
Part II. Text communities and geographical variation
Chapter 5. Regional variation and supralocalization in late medieval English: Comparing administrative and literary texts
Merja Stenroos
95–128
Chapter 6. Cambridge: A University town
Geir Bergstrøm
129–154
Chapter 7. Knutsford and Nantwich: Scribal variation in late medieval Cheshire
Kjetil V. Thengs
155–173
Chapter 8. Land documents as a source of word geography
Merja Stenroos
175–202
Part III. Social and pragmatic variation
Chapter 9. The pragmatics of punctuation in Middle English documentary texts
Jeremy J. Smith
205–218
Chapter 10. Ventriloquism or individual voice: Formulaic language in heresy abjurations
Kenneth Solberg-Harestad
219–248
Chapter 11. Multilingual practices in Middle English documents
Merja Stenroos and Delia Schipor
249–277
References
279–296
List of cited documents
297–305
Index
307–310
References

References

Adams, James N.
2003 Bilingualism and the Latin language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Alcolado Carnicero, José Miguel
2015 Dating the shift to English in the financial accounts of some London livery companies: a reappraisal. Multilingua 34/3: 373–404.Google Scholar
Allen, Graham
1999 Intertextuality. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Allen, Grant
1889 Fossil food. In Grant Allen, Falling in love: with other essays on more exact branches of science, 271–86. London: Smith, Elder & Co.Google Scholar
Anonymous
1756 The Compleat Letter-Writer. London: Crowder & Woodgate.Google Scholar
AND = Anglo-Norman Dictionary
http://​www​.anglo​-norman​.net (19 January 2020).
Anthony, Laurence
2007 AntConc (Version 3.2.1) [Computer Software]. Tokyo, Japan: Waseda University. Available from http://​www​.laurenceanthony​.net​/software (19 January 2020).
Arnold, John H.
1998 The historian as inquisitor: The ethics of interrogating subaltern voices. Rethinking History 3. 379–386. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Ashdowne, Richard & Carolinne White
2017 Introduction. In Richard Ashdowne & Carolinne White (eds.), Latin in medieval Britain. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1–58. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
(eds.) 2017 Latin in medieval Britain. Oxford: Oxford University Press. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Aston, Trevor H., G. D. Duncan & T. A. R. Evans
1980 The medieval alumni of the University of Cambridge. Past and Present 86. 9–86. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Atkinson, Thomas D.
1897 Cambridge Described & Illustrated: Being a Short History of the Town and University. London: Macmillan & Co.Google Scholar
Auer, Peter
1984 Bilingual conversation. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
1998 Code-switching in conversation: language, interaction, and identity. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Bailey, Mark
2002 The English Manor c.1200–c.1500. Manchester: Manchester University Press. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Barton, David
2007 Literacy: an introduction to the ecology of written language. 2nd edn. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Bax, Marcel & Dániel Z. Kádár
(eds.) 2011 Understanding historical (im)politeness. Special issue of Journal of Historical Pragmatics 12:1/2.Google Scholar
Beadle, Richard & Colin Richmond
(eds.) 2006 Paston letters and papers of the fifteenth century. Part III. EETS s.s. 22. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Beal, Joan C.
2010 Prescriptivism and the suppression of variation. In Raymond Hickey (ed.), Eighteenth-century English: ideology and change, 21–37. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Bell, Maureen
2002 Mise-en-page, illustration, expressive form. In Maureen Bell, John Barnard & D. F. McKenzie (eds.), The Cambridge history of the book in Britain. Vol. 4: 1557–1695. 632–662. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Benskin, Michael
1977 Local archives and Middle English dialects. Journal of the Society of Archivists 5. 500–514. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
1982 The letters <þ> and <y> in later Middle English, and some related matters. Journal of the Society of Archivists 7(1). 13–30. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
1989 Some aspects of Cumbrian English, mainly medieval. In Leiv Egil Breivik, Arnoldus Hille & Stig Johansson (eds.), Essays on English language in honour of Bertil Sundby, 13–46. Oslo: Novus.Google Scholar
1991a The “fit”-technique explained. In Felicity Riddy (ed.), Regionalism in late medieval manuscripts and texts, 9–26. Cambridge: D.S. Brewer.Google Scholar
1991b In reply to Dr Burton. Leeds Studies in English, n.s. 22: 209–62.Google Scholar
1992 Some new perspectives on the origins of standard written English. In J. A. van Leuvensteijn & J. B. Berns (eds), Dialect and Standard Language in the English, Dutch, German and Norwegian Language Areas, 71–105. Amsterdam: Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen.Google Scholar
2004 Chancery standard. In Christian Kay, Carole Hough & Irené Wotherspoon (eds.), New perspectives on English historical linguistics: selected papers from 12 ICEHL, 1–40. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Benskin, Michael & Margaret Laing
1981 Translations and Mischsprachen in Middle English manuscripts. In Michael Benskin & Michael L. Samuels (eds.), So meny peple longages and tonges: a Festschrift to Angus McIntosh, 55–106. Edinburgh: Middle English Dialect Project.Google Scholar
Bergs, Alexander
2005 Social networks and historical sociolinguistics: studies in morphosyntactic variation in the Paston letters (1421–1503). Topics in English linguistics 51. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
2006 Spreading the word: patterns of diffusion in historical dialectology. In Markku Filppula, Juhani Klemola, Marjatta Palander & Esa Penttilä (eds.) Topics in dialectal variation: selection of papers from the eleventh international conference on methods in dialectology, 5–30. Joensuu: Joensuu University Press.Google Scholar
2018 Set them free?! Investigating spelling and scribal variation in language and history. In Jennifer Cromwell & Eitan Grossman (eds.), Scribal repertoires in Egypt from the New Kingdom to the early Islamic period, 41–59. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Bergstrøm, Geir
2013 Two Cambridge guild ordinances based on the same template: an edition of the ordinances of the guilds of St. Clement and All Saints. MA thesis, University of Stavanger.Google Scholar
2017 “Yeuen at Cavmbrigg”: a study of the medieval English documents of Cambridge. PhD thesis, University of Stavanger.Google Scholar
Betham, William
1803 The baronetage of England, or the history of the English baronets, and such baronets of Scotland as are of English families. Vol. III. London: W. S. Betham.Google Scholar
Bevan, Kitrina Lindsay
2013 Clerks and scriveners: legal literacy and access to justice in late medieval England. PhD thesis, University of Exeter.Google Scholar
Biber, Douglas & Susan Conrad
2003 Register variation: a corpus approach. In Deborah Schiffrin, Deborah Tannen & Heidi E. Hamilton (eds.) 2001 The handbook of discourse analysis, 175–196. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Biber, Douglas
1988 Variation across speech and writing. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Black, Merja
1998 Lollardy, language contact and the Great Vowel Shift: spellings in the defence papers of William Swinderby. Neuphilologische Mitteilungen 99. 53–69.Google Scholar
2000 Putting words in their place: an approach to Middle English word Geography. In R. Bermúdez-Otero, David Denison, Richard M. Hogg & Chris B. McCully (eds.), Generative theory and corpus studies: a dialogue from 10ICEHL, 455–79. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Black Stenroos, Merja
2002 Words for “man” in the transmission of Piers Plowman . In Javier E. Díaz Vera (ed.), A changing world of words: studies in English historical lexicography, lexicology and semantics, 375–409. Amsterdam: Rodopi.Google Scholar
Bliss, Alan
1983 The history of English “WH”. In E. G. Stanley & Douglas Gray (eds.), Five hundred years of words and sounds: a Festschrift for Eric Dobson, 11–20. Cambridge: Brewer.Google Scholar
Blom, Jan Petter & John J. Gumperz
1972 Social meaning in linguistic structure: code-switching in Norway. In John J. Gumperz & Dell Hymes (eds.), Directions in sociolinguistics, 407–434. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.Google Scholar
Bloomfield, Leonard
1933 Language. New York: Henry Holt.Google Scholar
Bosworth, Joseph & T. Nortcote Toller
1898 An Anglo-Saxon dictionary. London: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Brandt, Deborah
1998 Sponsors of literacy. College Composition and Communication 49. 165–85. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
2002 Reading, writing and wealth in the New Economy. Speaker Series 21. http://​writing​.umn​.edu​/lrs​/assets​/pdf​/speakerpubs​/Brandt​.pdf
Britain, David
2002 Space and spatial diffusion. In J. K. Chambers, Peter Trudgill & Nathalie Schilling-Estes (eds.), Handbook of language variation and change, 603–637. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Britnell, Richard
2013 French language in medieval English towns. In Jocelyn Wogan-Browne (ed.), Language and culture in medieval Britain: the French of England, c.1100-c.1500, 81–89. Cambridge: Boydell & Brewer.Google Scholar
Broadberry, Stephen, Bruce M. S. Campbell, Alexander Klein, Mark Overton & Bas van Leeuwen
2015 British Economic Growth, 1270–1870.Google Scholar
Carrillo-Linares, María José
2005–06 Lexical dialectal items in Cursor Mundi: contexts of occurrence and geographical distribution. SELIM: Journal of the Spanish Society for Medieval English Language and Literature 13.151–178.Google Scholar
2010 Interpreting and mapping raw data for Middle English word geography: the case of the “Prick of Conscience”. Neuphilologische Mitteilungen 111(3). 321–344.Google Scholar
2016 Middle English word geography and stemmatological research: a case study in the “Prick of Conscience”’ textual tradition. Neuphilologische Mitteilungen 117(1). 79–108.Google Scholar
Carrillo-Linares, María José & Edurne Garrido-Anes
2007 Middle English lexical distributions: two instances from the Lay Folk’s Catechism. In Gabriella Mazzon (ed.), Studies in Middle English forms and meanings, 85–100. Frankfurt: Peter Lang.Google Scholar
2008 Middle English word geography: methodology and applications illustrated. In Maria Dossena, Richard Dury & Maurizio Gotti (eds.), English historical linguistics 2006. Vol. III: Geo-historical variation in English, 67–89. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
2009 Middle English word geography: external sources for investigating the field. In Maria Dossena & Roger Lass (eds.), Studies in English and European dialectology, 135–190. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang.Google Scholar
2012 Lexical variation in late Middle English: selection and deselection. In Richard Dance & Laura Wright (eds.), Studies in English medieval language and literature, 145–177. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang.Google Scholar
Cavalli-Sforza, Luigi Luca
2001 Genes, peoples and languages. Translated by Mark Seielstad. London: Penguin.Google Scholar
CEEC = Corpora of Early English Correspondence
Compiled by Terttu Nevalainen, Helena Raumolin-Brunberg, Samuli Kaislaniemi, Mikko Laitinen, Minna Nevala, Arja Nurmi, Minna Palander-Collin, Tanja Säily & Anni Sairio. Department of Modern Languages, University of Helsinki.
Chambers, J. K. & Peter Trudgill
1980 Dialectology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Clanchy, Michael
2013 From memory to written record: England 1066–1307. 3rd edn. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.Google Scholar
Clyne, Michael
2003 Dynamics of language contact: English and immigrant languages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Conde-Silvestre, Juan Camilo
2013 Tracing the generational progress of language change in fifteenth-century English: the digraph th in the Paston Letters. Neuphilologische Mitteilungen 114. 279–300.Google Scholar
2016 A “third-wave” historical sociolinguistic approach to Late Middle English correspondence: evidence from the Stonor letters. In Cinzia Russi (ed.), Current trends in historical sociolinguistics, 46–66. Warsaw: De Gruyter Open. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Conybeare, Edward
1906 A history of Cambridgeshire. Popular county histories. London: Elliot Stock.Google Scholar
Cooper, Charles H.
1843 Annals of Cambridge. Volume II. Cambridge: Warwick & Co.Google Scholar
Cressy, David
1980 Literacy and social order: reading and writing in Tudor and Stuart England. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Culpeper, Jonathan and Merja Kytö
2010 Early modern English dialogues: spoken interaction as writing. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
D’Alton, Craig
2005 Heresy hunting and clerical reform: William Warham, John Colet, and the Lollards of Kent, 1511–1512. In Ian Hunter, John Christian Laursen and Cary J. Nederman (eds.), Heresy in transition: transforming ideas of heresy in medieval and early modern Europe, 103–114. Aldershot: Ashgate.Google Scholar
Darby, H. C.
1957 The Domesday Geography of Eastern England. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Davies, John, Nigel Jenkins, Baines Menna & Peredur Lynch
(eds.) 2008 The Welsh Academy Encyclopaedia of Wales. Cardiff: University of Wales Press.Google Scholar
Davies, Rees R.
1995 The revolt of Owain Glyn Dwr. Oxford: Oxford University Press. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Davis, Norman
(ed.) 1971–76 Paston letters and papers of the fifteenth century. 2 volumes. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
1954 The language of the Pastons. Proceedings of the British Academy 40. 119–144.Google Scholar
de Haas, Nynke K.
2011 Morphosyntactic variation in northern English: the Northern Subject Rule, its origins and early history. Utrecht: LOT.Google Scholar
Deane, Jennifer Kolpacoff
2011 A history of medieval heresy and inquisition. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield.Google Scholar
DMLBS = Dictionary of Medieval Latin from British sources
ed. Ronald E. Latham, David R. Howlett & Richard K. Ashdowne. London: British Academy 1975–2013.Google Scholar
Dobson, Eric J.
1968 English pronunciation 1500–1700. Vol. 2. 2nd ed. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Dodd, Gwilym
2011a The rise of English, the decline of French: supplications to the English Crown, c. 1420–1450. Speculum 86. 117–146. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
2011b The spread of English in the records of central government, 1400–1430. In Elisabeth Salter & Helen Wicker (eds.), Vernacularity in England and Wales, c. 1300–1550, 225–66. Turnhout: Brepols. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
2012 Trilingualism in the medieval English bureaucracy: the use – and disuse – of languages in the fifteenth-century Privy Seal Office. Journal of British Studies 51(2). 253–283. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Dodgson, John McNeal
1970 The place-names of Cheshire. Part two: the place-names of Bucklow Hundred and Northwich Hundred. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
EDD = English Dialect Dictionary Online
http://​eddonline​-proj​.uibk​.ac​.at​/edd/
Eckert, Penelope & Sally McGonnell-Ginet
1992 Think practically and look locally: language and gender as community-based practice. Annual Review of Anthropology 21. 461–490. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Eggins, Suzanne & James Martin
1997 Genres and registers of discourse. In Teun A. van Dijk (ed.), Discourse as structure and process. Vol. 1: Discourse studies: a multidisciplinary introduction, 230–256. London: SAGE. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Eggins, Suzanne
(ed.) 1994 An introduction to systemic functional linguistics. London: Pinter.Google Scholar
Ekwall, Eilert
1951 Two early London subsidy rolls. Lund: Gleerup.Google Scholar
1956 Studies on the population of medieval London. Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell.Google Scholar
Ellis, Henry
(ed.) 1827 Original letters, illustrative of English history; including numerous royal letters: from autographs in the British Museum, and one or two other collections. Second series, vol. 1. London: Harding & Lepard.Google Scholar
Fernández Cuesta, Julia & M. Nieves Rodríguez Ledesma
2004 Northern features in 15th and 16th-century legal documents from Yorkshire. In Maria Dossena & Roger Lass (eds). Methods and data in English historical dialectology, 287–308. Berlin: Peter Lang.Google Scholar
Fisher, John H.
1977 Chancery and the emergence of standard written English in the fifteenth century. Speculum 52 (4). 870–899. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
1979 Chancery Standard and modern written English. Journal of the Society of Archivists 6. 136–144. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
1992 A language policy for Lancastrian England. Publications of the Modern Language Society of America 107. 1168–1180. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
1996 The emergence of Standard English. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky.Google Scholar
Fisiak, Jacek
2000 Middle English beck in the Midlands: the place-name evidence. In Christiane Dalton-Puffer & Nikolaus Ritt (eds), Words: structure, meaning, function. a Festschrift for Dieter Kastovsky, 87–94. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
2004 Some remarks on Middle English word geography. Poetica 62. 1–15.Google Scholar
Fleischman, Suzanne
2000 Methodologies and ideologies in historical linguistics: on working with older languages. In Susan C. Herring, Pieter van Reenen & Lene Schøsler (eds.), Textual parameters in older languages, 33–58. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Fludernik, Monika
2000 Beyond structuralism in narratology: recent development and new horizons in narrative theory. Anglistik 11. 83–96.Google Scholar
2007 Letters as narrative: narrative patterns and episode structure in early letters, 1400 to 1650. In Susan M. Fitzmaurice & Irma Taavitsainen (eds.), Methods in historical pragmatics, 241–266. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Fowler, Alastair
1982 Kinds of literature: an introduction to the theory of genres and modes. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Foxe, John
1895 Foxe’s book of martyrs; being a history of the persecution of Christians in all ages. Philadelphia: Charles Foster Publishing Company [first published 1563].Google Scholar
Freeman, Thomas W., Harry B. Rodgers & Robert H. Kinvig
1966 Lancashire, Cheshire and the Isle of Man. London: Nelson.Google Scholar
Gardner-Chloros, Penelope
1997 Code-switching: language selection in three Strasbourg stores. In Nikolas Coupland & Adam Jaworski (eds.), Sociolinguistics: A reader and coursebook, 361–375. London: Macmillan. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Genette, Gerard
1997 Paratexts: thresholds of interpretation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Gertz, Genelle
2012 Heresy trials and English women writers, 1400–1670. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
2013 Heresy inquisition and authorship, 1400–1560. In Mary C. Flannery & Katie L. Walter (eds.), The culture of inquisition in Medieval England, 130–145. Cambridge: D. S. Brewer.Google Scholar
Goldberg, Jeremy
1994 Women in later medieval English archives. Journal of the Society of Archivists 15. 59–71. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Görlach, Manfred
1991 Introduction to Early Modern English. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Görlach, Manfred
1992 Text-types and language history: the cookery recipe. In Matti Rissanen, Ossi Ihalainen, Terttu Nevalainen & Irma Taavitsainen (eds.): History of Englishes: new methods and interpretations in historical linguistics, 736–761. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
1999 Regional and social variation. In Roger Lass (ed.) The Cambridge history of the English language. Volume III: 1476–1776, 459–538. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
2001 A history of text types: a componential analysis. In Hans-Jürgen Diller & Manfred Görlach (eds): Towards a history of English as a history of genres, 47–88. Heidelberg: Winter.Google Scholar
Hall, James
1883 A history of the town and parish of Nantwich, or Wich Malbank, in the County Palatine of Chester. Nantwich.Google Scholar
Halliday, M. A. K.
2004 An introduction to functional grammar. 3rd edn. Revised by Christian M. I. M. Matthiessen. London: Arnold.Google Scholar
Hanham, Alison
1975 The Cely letters, 1472–1488. London: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Harris, Simon
1999 The Legh of Booths muniments (c.1280–1808): the study of a Cheshire family through its archive. PhD thesis, Keele University.Google Scholar
Harvey, Paul D. A.
1984 Manorial records. London: British Records Association.Google Scholar
Haugen, Einar
1966 Dialect, language, nation. American Anthropologist 68 (6). 922–935. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Hayward, Paul Antony
2005 Before the coming of popular heresy: the rhetoric of heresy in English historiography, c. 700–1154. In Ian Hunter, John Christian Laursen & Cary J. Nederman (eds.), Heresy in transition: transforming ideas of heresy in medieval and early modern Europe, 9–27. Aldershot: Ashgate.Google Scholar
Herring, Susan C., Pieter van Reenen & Lene Schøsler
2000 On textual parameters and older languages. In Susan C. Herring, Pieter van Reenen & Lene Schøsler (eds.), Textual parameters in older languages, 1–31. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Hingeston, Francis C.
(ed.) 1860 Royal and historical letters during the reign of Henry the fourth. Vol. 1. London: Longman, Green, Longman, Roberts.Google Scholar
History of Parliament Online
ERLICH, John (by 1489–1516), of Cambridge. http://​www​.historyofparliamentonline​.org​/volume​/1509​-1558​/member​/erlich​-john​-1489​-1516 (19 January 2020).
Hoad, Terry
1994 Word geography: previous appproaches and achievement. In Margaret Laing & Keith Williamson (eds.), Speaking in our tongues: medieval dialectology and related disciplines, 197–203. Cambridge: D.S. Brewer.Google Scholar
Hoey, Michael
2001 Textual interaction: An introduction to written text analysis. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Hope, Jonathan
2000 Rats, bats, sparrows and dogs: biology, linguistics and the nature of Standard English. In Laura Wright (ed.), The development of Standard English, 1300–1800: theories, descriptions, conflicts, 49–56. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Hornbeck II, J. Patrick
2010 What is a Lollard? Dissent and belief in late medieval England. Oxford: Oxford University Press. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Horobin, Simon
2004 Southern copies of the Prick of Conscience and the study of Middle English word geography. Poetica 62. 89–101.Google Scholar
Horst, Tom ter & Nike Stam
2017 Visual diamorphs: the importance of language neutrality in code-switching from medieval Ireland. In Päivi Pahta, Janne Skaffari & Laura Wright (eds), Multilingual practices in language history: English and beyond, 223–242. Berlin: De Gruyter. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Hudson, Anne
1981 A Lollard sect vocabulary? In Michael Benskin & Michael L. Samuels (eds.), So meny people longages and tonges: philological essays in Scots and mediaeval English presented to Angus McIntosh, 15–30. Edinburgh: Middle English Dialect Project.Google Scholar
1988 The premature reformation: Wycliffite texts and Lollard history. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
2005 The problems of scribes: the trial records of William Swinderby and Walter Brut. Nottingham Medieval Studies xlix: 80–104. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Hunt, Jeffrey M., R. Alden Smith & Fabio Stok
2017 Classics from papyrus to the Internet: An introduction to transmission and reception. Austin: Texas University Press.Google Scholar
Ihalainen, Ossi
1994 The dialects of England since 1776. In Robert Burchfield (ed.), The Cambridge history of the English language. Volume V: English in Britain and overseas, 197–274. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Jajdelska, Elspeth
2007 Silent reading and the birth of the narrator. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Jauss, Hans Robert & Elizabeth Benzinger
1970 Literary history as a challenge to literary theory. New Literary History, 2(1). 7–37. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Jefferson, Judith A. & Ad Putter
(ed.) 2013 Multilingualism in medieval Britain (c. 1066–1520): sources and analysis. Turnhout: Brepols.Google Scholar
Jensen, Vibeke
2010 Studies in the dialect materials of medieval Yorkshire. PhD thesis, University of Stavanger.Google Scholar
2012 The consonantal element (th) in some late Middle English Yorkshire texts. In Jukka Tyrkkö, Matti Kilpiö, Terttu Nevalainen & Matti Rissanen (eds.), Outposts of historical corpus linguistics: from the Helsinki Corpus to a proliferation of resources. Helsinki: VARIENG.Google Scholar
Jordan, Richard
1968 Handbuch der Mittelenglischen Grammatik: Lautlehre. 3rd edn. Heidelberg: Carl Winter [1925].Google Scholar
1974 Handbook of Middle English grammar. Transl. and rev. Eugene Joseph Crook. The Hague: Mouton.Google Scholar
Jucker, Andreas H. & Irma Taavitsainen
2013 English historical pragmatics. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.Google Scholar
Kaiser, Rolf
1937 Zur Geographie des mittelenglischen Wortschatzes. Palaestra 205. Leipzig: Mayer & Müller.Google Scholar
Kingsford, Charles Lethbridge
1919 Stonor letters and papers, 1290–1483. London: Offices of the Society.Google Scholar
1996 Kingsford’s Stonor letters and papers, 1290–1483. With introduction and notes by Christine Carpenter. Camden Classic Reprints. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Koch, John T.
2006 Celtic culture: a historical encyclopedia. 5 volumes. Santa Barbara, CA/Oxford: ABC-CLIO.Google Scholar
Kopaczyk, Joanna
2017 Administrative multilingualism on the page in early modern Poland: in search of a framework for written code-switching. In Päivi Pahta, Janne Skaffari & Laura Wright (eds.) Multilingual practices in language history: English and beyond, 275–298. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Kretzschmar, William A. Jr.
2009 The linguistics of speech. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Kristensson, Gillis
1967 A survey of Middle English dialects 1290–1350: the six northern counties. Lund: University of Lund Press.Google Scholar
1987 A survey of Middle English dialects 1290–1350: the West Midland counties. Lund: University of Lund Press.Google Scholar
1990 Middle English kirk and cognates in the Midlands. In Lars-Erik Edlund & Gunnar Persson (eds), Language: the time-machine, 51–61. Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell.Google Scholar
1995 A survey of Middle English dialects 1290–1350: the East Midland counties. Lund: University of Lund Press.Google Scholar
2001a A survey of Middle English dialects 1290–1350: the southern counties. I: vowels (except diphthongs). Lund: University of Lund Press.Google Scholar
2001b A survey of Middle English dialects 1290–1350: the southern counties. II: diphthongs and consonants. Lund: University of Lund Press.Google Scholar
Labov, William
1966 The social stratification of English in New York City. Washington: Center for Applied Linguistics.Google Scholar
1994 Principles of linguistic change: internal factors. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Laing, Margaret
2004 Multidimensionality: time, space and stratigraphy in historical dialectology. In Marina Dossena & Roger Lass (eds.), Methods and data in English historical dialectology, 49–96. Bern: Peter Lang.Google Scholar
2013– A Linguistic Atlas of Early Middle English. Version 3.2. University of Edinburgh. http://​www​.lel​.ed​.ac​.uk​/ihd​/laeme2​/laeme2​.html (19 January 2020)
Laing, Margaret & Roger Lass
2003 Tales of the 1001 nists: the phonological implications of litteral substitution sets in some thirteenth-century South-West Midland texts. English Language and Linguistics 7 (2). 257–278. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
2016 Q is for WHAT, WHEN, WHERE? The ‘q’ spellings for OE hw- . Folia Linguistica Historica 37/1: 61–110.Google Scholar
2019 Old and Middle English spellings for OE hw-, with special reference to the ‘qu-’ type: in celebration of LAEME, (e)LALME, LAOS and CoNE. In Rhona Alcorn, Joanna Kopaczyk, Bettelou Los & Ben Molineaux (eds.), Historical dialectology in the digital age, 91–112. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.Google Scholar
LALME = McIntosh, Angus, Michael L. Samuels & Michael Benskin
1986 A Linguistic Atlas of Late Mediaeval English. 4 vols. Aberdeen: Aberdeen University Press. Revised as Michael Benskin, Margaret Laing, Vasilis Karaiskos & Keith Williamson, An electronic version of a Linguistic Atlas of Late Mediaeval English (eLALME). http://​www​.lel​.ed​.ac​.uk​/ihd​/elalme​/elalme​.html (19 January 2020).
Lass, Roger
1992 Phonology and morphology. In Norman Blake (ed.), The Cambridge history of the English Language. Volume 2: 1066–1476, 23–155. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
1999 Phonology and morphology. In Roger Lass (ed.), The Cambridge history of the English language. Volume 3: 1476–1776, 56–186. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Lass, Roger & Margaret Laing
2013– Introduction. Chapter 2: Interpreting Middle English. In Margaret Laing, A Linguistic Atlas of Early Middle English, 1150–1325, version 3.2. University of Edinburgh. http://​www​.lel​.ed​.ac​.uk​/ihd​/laeme2​/laeme2​.html. (19 January 2020).
Leedham-Greene, Elisabeth
1996 A concise history of the University of Cambridge. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Lemke, Jay L.
1999 Typology, topology, topography: genre semantics. City University of New York. http://​academic​.brooklyn​.cuny​.edu​/education​/jlemke​/papers​/Genre​-topology​-revised​.htm (19 January, 2020).
Lenker, Ursula & Lucia Kornexl
2019 Anglo-Saxon micro-texts. Berlin: de Gruyter. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Lutz, Angelika
1989 Phonotaktisch gesteuerte Konsonantenveränderungen in der Geschichte des Englischen. Tübingen: Max Niemeyer.Google Scholar
Lysons, Daniel & Samuel Lysons
1810 Magna Britannia; being a concise topographical account of the several counties of Great Britain. Volume the second, containing Cambridgeshire, and the County Palatine of Chester. London: Cadell & Davies.Google Scholar
Machan, Tim William
1994 Textual criticism and Middle English texts. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia.Google Scholar
2003 English in the Middle Ages. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Martin, James R.
1992 English text: system and structure. Amsterdam: Benjamins. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Marttila, Ville
2014 Creating digital editions for corpus linguistics: The case of Potage Dyvers, a family of six Middle English recipe collections. PhD thesis, University of Helsinki. Available at https://​helda​.helsinki​.fi​/handle​/10138​/135589 (19 January, 2020).
Mathiessen, Christian
1993 Register in the round: diversity in a unified theory of register analysis. In Mohsen Ghadessy (ed.), Register analysis: theory and practice, 221–292. London: Pinter.Google Scholar
Mäkinen, Martti
2006 Between herbals et alia: intertextuality in medieval English herbals. PhD dissertation, University of Helsinki.Google Scholar
McClure, Erica
1998 The relationship between form and function in written national language – English codeswitching: evidence from Mexico, Spain and Bulgaria. In Rodolfo Jacobson (ed.), Codeswitching worldwide, 125–152. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
2001 Oral and written Assyrian–English codeswitching. In Rodolfo Jacobson (ed.), Codeswitching worldwide II. 157–191. Berlin: Mouton. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
McIntosh, Angus
1956 The analysis of written Middle English. Transactions of the Philological Society 55(1). 26–55. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
1963 A new approach to Middle English dialectology. English Studies 44. 1–6. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
1973 Word geography in the lexicography of Medieval English. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 211. 55–66. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
1974 Towards an inventory of Middle English scribes. Neuphilologische Mitteilungen 75 (4). 602–624.Google Scholar
1978 Middle English word-geography: its potential role in the study of the long-term impact of the Scandinavian settlements upon English. In Thorsten Anderson` & Karl Inge Sandred (eds.), The Vikings. Proceedings of the symposium of the Faculty of Arts of Uppsala University, June 6–9, 1977, 124–130. Uppsala: Uppsala University Press.Google Scholar
McSheffrey, Shannon
1995 Gender and heresy: women and men in Lollard communities, 1420–1530. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.Google Scholar
MED = Middle English Dictionary
University of Michigan. http://​quod​.lib​.umich​.edu​/m​/med/ (19 January 2020).
MEG-C = Middle English Grammar Corpus
Versions 2011.1 and 2014.1. Compiled by Merja Stenroos, Martti Mäkinen, Simon Horobin & Jeremy J. Smith. University of Stavanger. www​.uis​.no​/meg​-c (19 January 2020).
MELD = A Corpus of Middle English Local Documents
Versions 2016.1 and 2017.1. Compiled by Merja Stenroos, Kjetil V. Thengs & Geir Bergstrøm. University of Stavanger. www​.uis​.no​/meld (19 January 2020).
MELD working manual
Internal working document, University of Stavanger.
Meurman-Solin, Anneli
2012 Historical dialectology: space as a variable in the reconstruction of regional dialects. In Juan Manuel Hernández-Campoy & Juan Camilo Conde-Silvestre (eds.), Handbook of historical sociolinguistics, 465–79. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Milroy, James
1992 Linguistic variation and change. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Milroy, Lesley
2004 An essay in historical sociolinguistics?: on Donka Minkova’s “Philology, linguistics, and the history of [hw]~[w]”, in Anne Curzan and Kimberly Emmons (eds.), Studies in the history of the English language II, 47–53. Bern: Mouton de Gruyter. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Milroy, James & Lesley Milroy
1985 Linguistic change, social network, and speaker innovation. Journal of Linguistics 21. 339–384. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Minkova, Donka
2004 Philology, linguistics, and the history of [hw]~[w]. In Anne Curzan and Kimberly Emmons (eds), Studies in the history of the English language II, 7–46. Bern: Mouton de Gruyter. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
2014 A historical phonology of English. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.Google Scholar
Montes-Alcalá, Cecilia
2000 Written codeswitching: powerful bilingual images. In Rodolfo Jacobson (ed.), Codeswitching worldwide II. 59–74. Berlin: Mouton.Google Scholar
2007 Blogging in two languages: code-switching in bilingual blogs. In Jonathan Holmquist, Augusto Lorenzino & Lotfi Sayahi (eds.), Selected proceedings of the third workshop on Spanish sociolinguistics, 162–170. Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Proceedings Project.Google Scholar
Moore, Colette
2011 Quoting speech in Early English. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Muysken, Pieter
2000 Bilingual speech: a typology of code-mixing. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
2008 Introduction. In Pieter Muysken (ed.), From linguistic areas to areal linguistics, 1–23. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Myers-Scotton, Carol
1988 Patterns of bilingualism in East Africa. In Christina Bratt Poulston (ed.), International handbook of bilingualism and bilingual education, 203–224. New York: Greenwood Press.Google Scholar
1993a Social motivations for codeswitching: evidence from Africa. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
1993b Duelling languages: grammatical structure in codeswitching. Oxford: Clarendon.Google Scholar
2002 Contact linguistics: bilingual encounters and grammatical outcomes. Oxford: Oxford University Press. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Nevalainen, Terttu
1996 Gender difference. In Terttu Nevalainen & Helena Raumolin-Brunberg (eds.), Sociolinguistics and language history: studies based on the Corpus of Early English Correspondence, 77–91. Amsterdam: Rodopi.Google Scholar
2015 What are historical sociolinguistics? Journal of Historical Sociolinguistics 1(2). 243–269. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Nevalainen, Terttu & Helena Raumolin-Brunberg
2003 Historical sociolinguistics: language change in Tudor and Stuart England. London: Longman.Google Scholar
Ng, Su Fang
2001 Translation, interpretation, and heresy: the Wycliffite Bible, Tyndale’s Bible, and the contested origin. Studies in Philology 98. 315–338.Google Scholar
Nurmi, Arja, Tanja Rütten & Päivi Pahta
(eds.) 2018 Challenging the myth of monolingual corpora. Leiden: Brill/Rodopi.Google Scholar
OED = Oxford English Dictionary Online
Oxford University Press. http://​www​.oed​.com (19 January 2020).
Orme, Nicholas
2006 Medieval schools from Roman Britain to Renaissance England. New Haven/London: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Ormerod, George
1819 The history of the County Palatine and City of Chester. 3 volumes. London: Lackington, Hughes, Mavor & Jones.Google Scholar
Orton, Harold & Eugen Dieth
1962–1971 Survey of English dialects: the basic material, I–IV. Leeds: E.J. Arnold.Google Scholar
Orton, Harold & Nathalia Wright
1974 A word geography of England. London: Scholar Press.Google Scholar
Orton, Harold, Stewart Sanderson & John Widdowson
1978 The Linguistic Atlas of England. London: Croom Helm.Google Scholar
Page, Frances M.
1948 See Salzman (1948).Google Scholar
Pahta, Päivi
2004 Code-switching in medieval medical writing. In Irma Taavitsainen & Päivi Pahta (eds.), Medical and scientific writing in late medieval English, 73–99. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Pahta, Päivi & Arja Nurmi
2006 Code-switching in the Helsinki Corpus: a thousand years of multilingual practices. In Nikolaus Ritt, Herbert Schendl, Christiane Dalton-Puffer & Dieter Kastovsky (eds.), Medieval English and its heritage, 203–220. Frankfurt: Peter Lang.Google Scholar
Pahta, Päivi, Janne Skaffari & Laura Wright
2017 From historical code-switching to multilingual practices in the past. In Päivi Pahta, Janne Skaffari & Laura Wright (eds.), Multilingual practices in language history: English and beyond, 3–18. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
(eds.) 2017 Multilingual practices in language history: English and beyond. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Palliser, David M.
(ed.) 2000 The Cambridge urban history of Britain. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Parkes, Malcolm B.
1973 The literacy of the laity. In David Daiches & Anthony Thorlby (eds.), The mediaeval world, 555–577. London: Aldus Books.Google Scholar
1979 English cursive book hands, 1250–1500. London: Scolar.Google Scholar
1992 Pause and effect: a history of punctuation in the West. London: Scolar.Google Scholar
1998 Medieval punctuation and the modern editor. In Anna Ferrari (ed.), Filologia classica e filologia romanza: esperienze ecdotiche a confronto, 337–350. Rome: Spoleto. Reprinted in Malcolm B. Parkes (2012), Pages from the past: medieval writing skills and manuscript books, ed. by Pamela R. Robinson and Rivkah Zim. Farnham: Ashgate.Google Scholar
Peikola, Matti
2000 Congregation of the elect: patterns of self-fashioning in English Lollard writings. Turku: University of Turku.Google Scholar
Peikola, Matti, Aleksi Mäkilähde, Hanna Salmi, Mari-Liisa Varila & Janne Skaffari
(eds.) 2017 Reading the page: verbal and visual communication in early English texts. Turnhout: Brepols. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Peters, Hans
1988 On the state and possible aims of Middle English word geography. In Jacek Fisiak (ed.), Historical dialectology: regional and social¸ 397–416. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Plett, Heinrich
1991 Intertextualities. In Heinrich Plett (ed.), Intertextuality, 3–29. Berlin: de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Poplack, Shana
1980 Sometimes I’ll start a sentence in Spanish y termino en Español. Linguistics 18. 581–618. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Pugh, Ralph B.
1939 Abstracts of feet of fines relating to Wiltshire for the reigns of Edward I and Edward II. Wiltshire Archaeological and Natural History Society, Records Branch, Vol. I. Devizes: Wiltshire.Google Scholar
Pugh, Ralph. B.
1947 Calendar of Antrobus deeds before 1525. Wiltshire Archaeological and Natural History Society, Records Branch, Vol. III. Devizes: Wiltshire.Google Scholar
Reay, Barry
1998 Popular cultures in England 1550–1750. London & New York: Longman.Google Scholar
Raumolin-Brunberg, Helena
1996 Apparent time. In Terttu Nevalainen & Helena Raumolin-Brunberg (eds.), Sociolinguistics and language history: studies based on the Corpus of Early English Correspondence, 93–109. Amsterdam: Rodopi.Google Scholar
Rissanen, Matti
1999 Language of law and the development of Standard English. In Irma Taavitsainen, Gunnel Melchers & Päivi Pahta (eds.), Writing in nonstandard English, 189–203. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
2000 Standardisation and the language of early statutes. In Laura Wright (ed.), The development of Standard English, 1300–1800, 117–130. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Roach, John P. C.
(ed.) 1959 The Victoria county history of Cambridge and the Isle of Ely. Vol. 3. London: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Romaine, Suzanne
1982 Socio-historical linguistics: its status and methodology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Rosch, Eleanor
1975 Cognitive representations of semantic categories. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 104 (3). 192–233. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Rutkowska, Hanna
2003 Graphemics and morphosyntax in the Cely Letters (1472–88). Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang.Google Scholar
Rütten, Tanja
2013 Formulae and performativity in Middle English documents. Journal of Historical Pragmatics 14 (2). 285–304. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Ryrie, Alec
2017 Reformations. In Keith Wrightson (ed.), A social history of England, 1500–1750. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Samuels, Michael L.
1963 Some applications of Middle English dialectology. English Studies 44. 81–94. Reprinted in: Margaret Laing (ed.) 1989 Middle English Dialectology: essays on some principles and problems, 64–80. Aberdeen: Aberdeen University Press.Google Scholar
1972 Linguistic Evolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
1981 Spelling and dialect in the late and post-Middle English periods. In Michael Benskin & Michael L. Samuels (eds.), So meny people longages and tonges: philological essays in Scots and mediaeval English presented to Angus McIntosh, 43–54. Edinburgh: Middle English Dialect Project. Reprinted in Jeremy J. Smith (ed.) 1988 The English of Chaucer and his contemporaries, 86–95. Aberdeen: Aberdeen University Press.Google Scholar
1985 The great Scandinavian belt. In Roger Eaton, Olga Fischer, Willem F. Koopman & Frederike van der Leek (eds.), Papers from the 4th international conference on English Historical Linguistics. Amsterdam, 10–13 April, 1985, 269–81. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Sandvold, Silje Nising
2010 Scribal variation in a legal document: a study of the bounding of Barmston (1473). MA thesis, University of Stavanger.Google Scholar
Scahill, John
2005 The Nero Ancrene Wisse and Middle English word-geography. In Akio Oizumi, Jacek Fisiak & John Scahill (eds.), Text and language in medieval English prose: a Festschrift for Tadao Kubouchi, 215–228. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang.Google Scholar
Scase, Wendy
2019 The LALME typology of scribal practice: some issues for manuscript studies. In Merja Stenroos, Martti Mäkinen, Kjetil V. Thengs & Oliver M. Traxel (eds.), Current explorations in Middle English, 13–33. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang.Google Scholar
Schaefer, Ursula
2006 The beginnings of standardisation: the communicative space in fourteenth-century England. In Ursula Schaefer (ed.), The beginnings of standardization, 3–24. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang.Google Scholar
Schendl, Herbert
2000 Constraints on code-switching in medieval texts. In Irma Taavitsainen, Terttu Nevalainen, Päivi Pahta & Matti Rissanen (eds.), Placing Middle English in context, 67–86. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
2012 Literacy, multilingualism and code-switching in early English written texts. In Mark Sebba, Shahrzad Mahootian & Carla Jonsson (eds.), Language mixing and code-switching in writing: approaches to mixed-language written discourse, 27–43. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
2017 Code-switching in Anglo-Saxon England: a corpus-based approach. In Päivi Pahta, Janne Skaffari & Laura Wright (eds.), Multilingual practices in language history: English and beyond, 39–60. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Schendl, Herbert & Laura Wright
(eds.) 2011 Code-switching in early English. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Schipor, Delia
2013 Multilingual practices in late medieval English official writing: an edition of documents from the Beverley Town Cartulary. MA thesis, University of Stavanger.Google Scholar
2018 A study of multilingualism in the late medieval material of the Hampshire Record Office. PhD thesis, University of Stavanger.Google Scholar
Schneider, Edgar W.
2013 Investigating historical variation and change in written documents: new perspectives. In Jack K. Chambers & Natalie Schilling (eds.), The handbook of language variation and change. 2nd edn. 57–81. Oxford: Wiley Blackwell. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Schreier, Daniel
2005 On the loss of preaspiration in Early Middle English. Transactions of the Philological Society 103 (1). 99–112. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Scollon, Ron & Suzie Wong Scollon
2003 Discourses in place: language in the material world. London: Routledge. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Scragg, Donald G.
1974 A history of English spelling. Manchester: Manchester University Press.Google Scholar
Sebba, Mark
2012a Multilingualism in written discourse: an approach to the analysis of multilingual texts. International Journal of Bilingualism 17(1). 97–118. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
2012b Researching and theorising multilingual texts. In Mark Sebba, Shahrzad Mahootian & Carla Jonsson (eds.), Language mixing and code-switching in writing: approaches to mixed-language written discourse, 1–26. London: Routledge. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Shaw, Mike & Jo Clark
2003 Cheshire historic towns survey: Nantwich – archaeological assessment. Chester: Cheshire County Council & English Heritage.Google Scholar
Sherman, William
2013 Punctuation as configuration; or, how many sentences are there in Sonnet 1. Early Modern Literary Studies 21. https://​extra​.shu​.ac​.uk​/emls​/si​-21​/04​-Sherman​_Punctuation%20as%20Configuration​.htm (19 January 2020)
Smith, Jeremy J.
1996 An historical study of English: function, form and change. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
2013 Punctuating Mirk’s Festial: a Scottish text and its implications. In Martha Driver & Veronica O’Mara (eds.) Preaching the word in manuscript and print in late medieval England, 161–192. Turnhout: Brepols. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
2020 Transforming Early English: the reinvention of Early English and Older Scots. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Solberg-Harestad, Kenneth
2018 Genre, text type and the nature of formulaicness in late medieval and early modern abjuration texts. MA thesis, University of Stavanger.Google Scholar
Sönmez, Margaret J.-M.
2000 Perceived and real differences between men’s and women’s spellings of the early to mid-seventeenth century. In Dieter Kastovsky & Arthur Mettinger (eds.), The history of English in a social context, 405–39. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Stam, Nike
2017 A typology of code-switching in the Commentary to the Félire Óengusso. Utrecht: LOT.Google Scholar
Stenroos, Merja
2004 Regional dialects and spelling conventions in Late Middle English: searches for (th) in the LALME data. In Marina Dossena & Roger Lass (eds.), Methods and data in English historical dialectology, 257–285. Bern: Peter Lang.Google Scholar
2005 The spread of they, their and them in English: the Late Middle English evidence. In Marcin Krygier & Liliana Sikorska (eds.), Naked wordes in Englissh, 67–96. Frankfurt: Peter Lang.Google Scholar
2007 A Middle English mess of fricative spellings: reflections on thorn, yogh and their rivals. In Marcin Krygier & Liliana Sikorska (eds.), To make his English sweete upon his tonge, 9–35. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang.Google Scholar
2013 Identity and intelligibility in Late Middle English scribal transmission: local dialect as an active choice in fifteenth-century texts. In Esther-Miriam Wagner, Ben Outhwaite & Bettina Beinhoff (eds.), Scribes as agents of language change, 159–182. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
2014 Fugitive voices: personal involvement in Middle English letters of defence. In Kari E. Haugland, Kevin McCafferty & Kristian Rusten (eds.), “Ye whom the charms of grammar please”: studies in English language history in honour of Leiv Egil Breivik, 355–380. Oxford: Peter Lang.Google Scholar
2016a Regional language and culture: the geography of Middle English linguistic variation. In Tim Machan (ed.), Imagining Medieval English, 100–125. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
2016b Multilingualism and visual grammar in late medieval English land surveys. Paper presented at the HiSoN conference, University of Helsinki, March 2016.
2018 From scribal repertoire to text community: the challenge of variable writing systems. In Jennifer Cromwell & Eitan Grossman (eds.), Scribal repertoires in Egypt from the New Kingdom to the early Islamic period, 20–40. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
2019a  Langage o northrin lede: northern Middle English as a written medium. In Anita Auer & Denis Renevey (eds.), Revisiting the medieval North of England, 39–57. Cardiff: University of Wales Press.Google Scholar
2019b The presence of women in Middle English local documents. Paper presented at the 31st International Conference of the Spanish Society for Medieval English Language and Literature (SELIM), University of Valladolid, 19–21 September 2019.
2020 The “vernacularisation” and “standardisation” of local administrative writing in late and post-medieval England. In Laura Wright (ed.), The multilingual origins of Standard English, 39–85. Berlin: Mouton.Google Scholar
Stenroos, Merja & Martti Mäkinen
2011 A defiant gentleman or “the strengest thiefe of Wales”: reinterpreting the politics in a medieval correspondence. In Päivi Pahta & Andreas Jucker (eds.), Communicating Early English manuscripts, 83–101. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Stenroos, Merja & Jeremy J. Smith
2016 Changing functions: English spelling before 1600. In Vivian Cook & Des Ryan (eds.), The Routledge handbook of the English writing system, 125–141. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Stenroos, Merja & Kjetil V. Thengs
2012 Two Staffordshires: real and linguistic space in the study of late Middle English dialects. In Jukka Tyrkkö, Matti Kilpiö, Terttu Nevalainen & Matti Rissanen (eds.), Outposts of historical corpus linguistics: from the Helsinki Corpus to a proliferation of resources. Helsinki: VARIENG. http://​www​.helsinki​.fi​/varieng​/journal​/volumes​/10​/stenroos​_thengs/ (19 January 2020)
Stock, Brian
1983 The implications of literacy: written language and models of interpretation in the eleventh and twelfth centuries. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Street, Brian
1984 Literacy in theory and practice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Sylvester, Louise
2017 A semantic field and text-type approach to late-medieval multilingualism. In Päivi Pahta, Janne Skaffari & Laura Wright (eds.), Multilingual practices in language history: English and beyond, 77–96. Berlin: De Gruyter. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Swales, John M.
1990 Genre analysis: English in academic and research settings. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Taavitsainen, Irma & Susan M. Fitzmaurice
2007 Historical pragmatics: what it is and how to do it. In Susan M. Fitzmaurice & Irma Taavitsainen (eds.), Methods in historical pragmatics, 11–36. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Taavitsainen, Irma
1993 Genre/subgenre styles in late Middle English? In Matti Rissanen, Merja Kytö & Minna Palander-Collin (eds.), English in the computer age: explorations through the Helsinki Corpus, 171–200. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Thengs, Kjetil V.
2013 English medieval documents of the North-West Midlands: a study in the language of a real space text corpus. PhD thesis, University of Stavanger.Google Scholar
2015 Compactness of expression in late Middle English legal documents. Filologia Germanica – Germanic Philology 7. 163–181.Google Scholar
2016 St Michael at the North Gate and St Peter in the East: English churchwardens’ accounts of late medieval Oxford. Paper presented at ICEHL 19, University of Duisburg-Essen, August 2016.
Tolkien, J. R. R.
1929 Ancrene Wisse and Hali Meiðhad, Essays and Studies 14: 104–126.Google Scholar
Trotter, David A.
2006 Language contact, multilingualism and the evidence problem. In Ursula Schaefer (ed.), The beginnings of standardization: language and culture in fourteenth-century England, 73–90. Frankfurt: Peter Lang.Google Scholar
2010 Language labels, language change, and lexis. In Christopher Kleinhenz & Keith Busby (eds.), Medieval multilingualism: the francophone world and its neighbours, 43–61. Turnhout: Brepols. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
2011 Death, taxes and property: some code-switching evidence from Dover, Southampton, and York. In Herbert Schendl & Laura Wright (eds.), Code-switching in early English, 155–190. Berlin: de Gruyter Mouton. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
(ed.) 2000 Multilingualism in later medieval Britain. Woodbridge: Brewer.Google Scholar
Trudgill, Peter
1990 The dialects of England. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
University of Nottingham: Manuscripts and special collections: research guidance
www​.nottingham​.ac​.uk​/manuscriptsandspecialcollections​/researchguidance (19 January 2020)
Upton, Clive
2006 Modern regional English in the British Isles. In Lynda Mugglestone (ed.), The Oxford history of English, 305–333. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Vachek, Josef
1945–49 Some remarks on writing and phonetic transcription. Acta Linguistica 5: 86–93. Reprinted in: Josef Vachek (1976), Selected writings in English and general linguistics, 127–133. The Hague: Mouton.Google Scholar
Vasko, Anna-Liisa
2005 Up Cambridge: prepositional locative expressions in dialect speech. A corpus-based study of the Cambridgeshire dialect. Mémoires de la Société Néophilologique de Helsinki, Vol. LXV.Google Scholar
Virtanen, Tuija
1992 Issues of text typology: narrative – a “basic” type of text? Text 12(2). 293–310. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Wakelin, Martyn
1982 Evidence for spoken regional English in the sixteenth century. Revista Canaria de Estudios Ingleses 5. 1–25.Google Scholar
Walker, David
1990 Medieval Wales. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Watson, Nicholas
1995 Censorship and cultural change in late-medieval England: vernacular theology, the Oxford translation debate, and Arundel’s constitutions of 1409. Speculum 70. 822–864. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Wells, John C.
1982 Accents of English, Vol 2: The British Isles. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Wenger, Etienne
1998 Communities of practice: learning, meaning and identity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Wei, Li
1998 The “why” and “how” questions in the analysis of conversational code-switching. In Peter Auer (ed.), Code-switching in conversation: language, interaction and identity, 156–179. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
2005 “How can you tell?” Toward a common sense explanation of conversational code-switching. Journal of Pragmatics 37. 375–389. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Werner, Otmar
1991 The incorporation of Old Norse pronouns into Middle English: suppletion by loan. In Per Sture Ureland & George Broderick (eds.), Language contact in the British Isles. Proceedings of the eighth international symposium on language contact in Europe, 369–401. Tubingen: Niemeyer.Google Scholar
Williamson, Keith
2000 Changing spaces: linguistic relationships and the dialect continuum. In Irma Taavitsainen, Terttu Nevalainen, Päivi Pahta & Matti Rissanen (eds.), Placing Middle English in context, 141–179. Berlin: Mouton. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
2004 On chronicity and space(s) in historical dialectology. In Marina Dossena & Roger Lass (eds.), Methods and data in English historical dialectology, 97–136. Bern: Peter Lang.Google Scholar
Winford, Donald
2003 An introduction to contact linguistics. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Wray, Alison
2008 Formulaic language: pushing the boundaries. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Wray, Alison & Michael R. Perkins
2000 The functions of formulaic language: an integrated model. Language and Communication 20. 1–28. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Wright, Laura
1996 About the evolution of Standard English. In Elizabeth M. Tyler & M. Jane Toswell (eds.), “Doubt wisely”: papers in honour of E. G. Stanley, 99–115. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
2000a Introduction. In Laura Wright (ed.), The development of Standard English 1300–1800: theories, descriptions, conflicts, 1–8. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
2000b Bills, accounts, inventories: everyday trilingual activities in the business world of later medieval England. In David A. Trotter (ed.), Multilingualism in later medieval Britain, 149–156. Cambridge: D.S. Brewer.Google Scholar
2005 Medieval mixed-language business texts and the rise of Standard English. In Janne Skaffari, Matti Peikola, Ruth Carroll, Risto Hiltunen & Brita Wårvik (eds.), Opening windows on texts and discourses of the past, 381–399. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
2010a A pilot study on the singular definite articles le and la in fifteenth-century London mixed-language business writing. In Richard Ingham (ed.), The Anglo-Norman language and its contexts, 130–142. Woodbridge: Boydell & Brewer.Google Scholar
2010b Eighteenth-century London non-standard spellings as evidenced by servants’, tradesmen’s and shopkeepers’ bills. In Nicholas Brownlees, Gabriella del Lungo & John Denton (eds.). The Language of public and private communication in a historical perspective, 161–190. Cambridge: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.Google Scholar
2011 On variation in medieval mixed-language business writing. In Herbert Schendl & Laura Wright (eds.), Code-switching in Early English, 191–218. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
2012 On variation and change in London medieval mixed-language business documents. In Merja Stenroos, Martti Mäkinen & Inge Særheim (eds.), Language contact and development around the North Sea, 95–115. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
2013 Mixed-language accounts as sources for linguistic analysis. In Judith A. Jefferson & Ad Putter (eds.), Multilingualism in medieval Britain (c.1066–1529): sources and analysis, 123–136. Turnhout: Brepols.Google Scholar
2015 On medieval wills and the rise of written monolingual English. In Javier Calle-Martin & Juan Camilo Conde-Silvestre (eds.), Approaches to Middle English: variation, contact and change, 35–54. Oxford: Peter Lang.Google Scholar
2017 On non-integrated vocabulary in the mixed-language accounts of St Paul’s Cathedral, 1315–1405. In Richard Ashdowne & Carolinne White (eds.), Latin in medieval Britain, 272–298. Oxford: Oxford University Press. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
2020 A critical look at previous accounts of the standardisation of English. In Laura Wright (ed.), The multilingual origins of Standard English, 17–38. Berlin: Mouton. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Zupko, Ronald Edward
1977 British weights and measures: a history from antiquity to the seventeenth century. Madison, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press.Google Scholar
1985 A dictionary of weights and measures for the British Isles. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society.Google Scholar

List of cited documents

This list provides the archive references and dates for those documents which are cited or referred to in the chapters, except for the subcorpora studied in Chapters 7 and 8, for which separate lists are given at the end of each chapter. A complete catalogue of the MELD documents is available on the MELD website.

MELD code County Archive reference Date
D0032 Staffs Lichfield RO: D 126/5/17 (fols 4r–8r) 1475–76
D0036 Staffs Stafford, Staffordshire RO: D 593/B/1/23/2/16 verso (16a1)
D0056 Ches Chester, Cheshire RO: DLT/A1/16 1440
D0066 Wales London, British Library: Cotton Cleopatra Fiii, fol. 102r c1407
D0067 Wales London, British Library: Cotton Cleopatra Fiii, fol. 102v c1407
D0074 Shrops Shrewsbury, Shropshire Archives: 5586/2/1/77 1465–66
D0079 Ches Sheffield, Sheffield Archives: Bagshaw Collection 1374 1458
D0124 Wales Aberystwyth, NLW: Coed Coch 804 1497
D0125 Wales Aberystwyth, NLW: Coed Coch 786 1445
D0150 Shrops Shrewsbury, Shropshire Archives: 6000/2291 1454
D0167 Wales Shrewsbury, Shropshire Archives: 3365/2617/11 1462
D0178 Ches Keele UL: L 97 1512
D0215 Shrops Shrewsbury, Shropshire Archives: 6000/1185 1512
D0257 Durham Durham UL, Dean & Chapter muniments: 3.4. Spec. 6.2 1450
D0269 Cumb Durham UL, Dean & Chapter muniments: Locellus 25.19 1462
D0281 Oxfords Durham UL, Dean & Chapter muniments: Locellus 25.80 nd
D0321 Durham Durham UL, Dean & Chapter muniments: Misc. Charters 2661 nd
D0378 Wml Carlisle, Cumbria Archive Centre: DWYB/2/55 nd
D0406 Norfolk Cambridge, King’s College: COL/448 nd
D0432 Leics Leicester, The RO of Leicestershire, Leicester and Rutland: 44’28/383 1512
D0494 Devon Exeter, Devon Heritage Centre: 264A/T72 1515
D0518 Suffolk Huntingdon, Huntingdonshire Archives: DD/M26/2 1498
D0522 Norfolk Cambridge, CUL, Weasenham Hall Muniments: Coke of Weasenham 2684 1485
D0542 Sussex Brighton, East Sussex RO: RAY 3/7/3 1475c
D0554 Sussex Woking, Surrey History Centre: LM/COR/1/9 1506–25
D0599 Sussex Chichester, West Sussex RO: CHICITY/AY/112 1512
D0629 Somerset Taunton, Somerset Archives: D/B/bw/390 1513
D0653 Norfolk Cambridge, CUL: Buxton 14/56 1503
D0744#4 Herefs Hereford, Herefordshire Archives: AL19/9, fol. 215 1437
D0744#5 Herefs Hereford, Herefordshire Archives: AL19/9, fols 223v–224r 1438
D0746#1 Herefs Hereford, Herefordshire Archives: AL19/12, fol. 25r 1505
D0765 Gloucs Bristol, Bristol RO: 40365/D/2/39 1451
D0836#17 YER York, York City Archives: Y/COU/1/4/1, York Memorandum Book vol IV, fol 279b 1425
D0858#12 Norfolk Norwich, Norfolk RO: Norwich Corporation Records, Case 17b/9 (k), p. 269 1469
D0873 Norfolk Norwich, Norfolk RO: AYL 145 1512
D2029 Notts Matlock, Derbyshire RO: D156/M/E/2/1 1456
D2041 Staffs Matlock, Derbyshire RO: D5236/8/16 1508
D2255#1 Oxfords Oxford, Oxfordshire History Centre: PAR211/4/F1/1/20 (fol. 11), recto 1444
D2314 Oxfords Oxford, Oxfordshire History Centre: PAR213/4/F1/1/10 (fol. 19) 1502
D2316 Oxfords Oxford, Oxfordshire History Centre: PAR213/4/F1/1/13 (fol. 25) 1504
D2318 Oxfords Oxford, Oxfordshire History Centre: PAR213/4/F1/1/15 (fol. 29) 1507
D2319 Oxfords Oxford, Oxfordshire History Centre: PAR213/4/F1/1/16 (fol. 31) 1508
D2328 Oxfords Oxford, Oxfordshire History Centre: PAR213/4/F1/1/25 (fol. 49) 1523
D2454 Suffolk London, British Library: Harley Charter 56.B.17 1426
D2459#1 Worcs Worcester, Worcester Cathedral Muniments: A.9, p. 48, item 1 (15b1)
D2464#3 Worcs Worcester, Worcester Cathedral Muniments: B.1653 (sheet 2, item 3) 1516
D2511#1 Worcs Worcester, Worcestershire Archives: 496.5/BA9360/C2/Box1/1 (fols 1r–24v) 1467
D2511#3 Worcs Worcester, Worcestershire Archives: 496.5/BA9360/C2/Box1/1 (fols 53v–54r) 1497
D2674 Essex Chelmsford, Essex RO: D/DBa T3/10 1515
D2682 Essex Chelmsford, Essex RO: D/DK/T229/7 1459
D2692a Essex Chelmsford, Essex RO: D/DL/T1/552 1499
D2692b Essex Chelmsford, Essex RO: D/DL/T1/553 1499
D2704 Essex Chelmsford, Essex RO: D/DU 886/41 1477
D2710a Gloucs Gloucester, Gloucestershire Archives: D326/T158 1481
D2788#1 Kent Maidstone, Kent History and Library Centre: DRb/Pa6 (fol. 19v) 1513
D2788#2 Kent Maidstone, Kent History and Library Centre: DRb/Pa6 (fol. 35v–36r) 1514
D2788#3 Kent Maidstone, Kent History and Library Centre: DRb/Pa6 (fol. 36r–v) 1514
D2788#4 Kent Maidstone, Kent History and Library Centre: DRb/Pa6 (fol. 44r) 1514
D2788#5 Kent Maidstone, Kent History and Library Centre: DRb/Pa6 (fol. 44v) 1514
D2788#6 Kent Maidstone, Kent History and Library Centre: DRb/Pa6 (fol. 45v) 1514
D2788#7 Kent Maidstone, Kent History and Library Centre: DRb/Pa6 (fol. 51r) 1514
D2788#8 Kent Maidstone, Kent History and Library Centre: DRb/Pa6 (fol. 63v) 1514
D2788#9 Kent Maidstone, Kent History and Library Centre: DRb/Pa6 (fol. 64r) 1514
D2788#10 Kent Maidstone, Kent History and Library Centre: DRb/Pa6 (fol. 65r) 1514
D2788#11 Kent Maidstone, Kent History and Library Centre: DRb/Pa6 (fol. 65v) 1514
D2788#12 Kent Maidstone, Kent History and Library Centre: DRb/Pa6 (fol. 67v) 1514
D2788#13 Kent Maidstone, Kent History and Library Centre: DRb/Pa6 (fol. 69r) 1514
D2788#14 Kent Maidstone, Kent History and Library Centre: DRb/Pa6 (fol. 75v) 1514
D2788#15 Kent Maidstone, Kent History and Library Centre: DRb/Pa6 (fol. 78v–79v) 1514
D2788#16 Kent Maidstone, Kent History and Library Centre: DRb/Pa6 (fol. 80r–v) 1514
D2788#17 Kent Maidstone, Kent History and Library Centre: DRb/Pa6 (fol. 85r–86r) 1514
D2788#18 Kent Maidstone, Kent History and Library Centre: DRb/Pa6 (fol. 92v) 1514
D2788#19 Kent Maidstone, Kent History and Library Centre: DRb/Pa6 (fol. 97v) 1515
D2788#20 Kent Maidstone, Kent History and Library Centre: DRb/Pa6 (fol. 102v) 1515
D2788#21 Kent Maidstone, Kent History and Library Centre: DRb/Pa6 (fol. 105v) 1515
D2788#22 Kent Maidstone, Kent History and Library Centre: DRb/Pa6 (fol. 107v–108r) 1515
D2788#23 Kent Maidstone, Kent History and Library Centre: DRb/Pa6 (fol. 113r) 1515
D2788#24 Kent Maidstone, Kent History and Library Centre: DRb/Pa6 (fol. 121v) 1515
D2788#25 Kent Maidstone, Kent History and Library Centre: DRb/Pa6 (fol. 126r) 1515
D2788#26 Kent Maidstone, Kent History and Library Centre: DRb/Pa6 (fol. 134v–135r) 1515
D2788#27 Kent Maidstone, Kent History and Library Centre: DRb/Pa6 (fol. 136v) 1515
D2788#28 Kent Maidstone, Kent History and Library Centre: DRb/Pa6 (fol. 143v) 1515
D2788#29 Kent Maidstone, Kent History and Library Centre: DRb/Pa6 (fol. 145v) 1515
D2788#30 Kent Maidstone, Kent History and Library Centre: DRb/Pa6 (fol. 147v) 1515
D2788#31 Kent Maidstone, Kent History and Library Centre: DRb/Pa6 (fol. 149r) 1515
D2788#32 Kent Maidstone, Kent History and Library Centre: DRb/Pa6 (fol. 180v) 1516
D2788#33 Kent Maidstone, Kent History and Library Centre: DRb/Pa6 (fol. 190v) 1516
D2788#34 Kent Maidstone, Kent History and Library Centre: DRb/Pa6 (fol. 195v) 1516
D2788#35 Kent Maidstone, Kent History and Library Centre: DRb/Pa6 (fol. 198v) 1516
D2788#36 Kent Maidstone, Kent History and Library Centre: DRb/Pa6 (fol. 205r–206v) 1516
D2788#37 Kent Maidstone, Kent History and Library Centre: DRb/Pa6 (fol. 207r) 1516
D2788#38 Kent Maidstone, Kent History and Library Centre: DRb/Pa6 (fol. 207v) 1517
D2910 Kent Canterbury, Canterbury Cathedral Archives: DCc-ChAnt/B/415 1486
D2968 Kent Canterbury, Canterbury Cathedral Archives: CCA-DCc-ChAnt/E/182A 1520
D3008 Suffolk Ipswich, Suffolk RO: HD 1538/365/41 1455
D3014 Suffolk Ipswich, Suffolk RO: C/6/7/6 1457
D3019 Suffolk Ipswich, Suffolk RO: HD 1538/202/1/156 1506
D3027 Suffolk Ipswich, Suffolk RO: EE5/6/45 1502
D3040 Hamps Winchester, Hampshire RO: W/D1/277 1522
D3049#1 Hamps Winchester, Hampshire RO: 21M65/A1/15, fol. 27r 1487–92
D3049#2 Hamps Winchester, Hampshire RO: 21M65/A1/15, fol. 45v 1491–1501
D3050 Hamps Winchester, Hampshire RO: 21M65/A1/16 (15b2–16a1)
D3102 Hamps Winchester, Hampshire RO: 44M69/D10/5/6 1495–96
D4142 Beds Bedford, Bedfordshire and Luton Archives: TW 464 1470
D4160#11 Middx London, London Metropolitan Archives: MS 645/1, fol. 237r–v 1515
D4169 Herts Hertford, Hertfordshire Archives and Local Studies: DP/12/25/4/4 1491
D4195#3 Middx London, London Metropolitan Archives: COL/AD/01/009, fol. 209r-v 1418
D4201#2 Middx London, London Metropolitan Archives: CLA/024/01/02/051, membr. 6r 1421
D4223 Beds Northampton, Northamptonshire Archives Service: Finch-Hatton FH/B/C/K/545 1463–64
D4226 Beds Northampton, Northamptonshire Archives Service: Stopford Sackville 788 1451
D4227#20 Norths Northampton, Northamptonshire Archives Service: Northampton Borough Records, section IV/1/1, fols. 81v-83r 1509
D4298 Dorset Dorchester, Dorset History Centre: PE/WM/CW/1/32 1472
D4373#3 Notts Nottingham, Nottingham University Library: Mi L 3/2 (fols A 5r–8v) nd
D4422 Suffolk Sheffield, Sheffield Archives: JC/11/23 1447
D4440#17 Lincs Lincoln, Lincolnshire Archives: DIOC/REG/20, fol. 57r–v 1462
D4440#22 Lincs Lincoln, Lincolnshire Archives: DIOC/REG/20, fol. 62v, item 2 1464
D4530 Gloucs Bristol, Bristol RO: 8153/1/lxxi 1457
D4550 Cnw Truro, Cornwall RO: AR/4/832 1499
D4699a Rutland Leicester, the RO of Leicestershire, Leicester and Rutland: DE3214/1971/1 1488
D4699b Rutland Leicester, the RO of Leicestershire, Leicester and Rutland: DE3214/1971/2 1488
D5000 Bucks Aylesbury, Centre for Buckinghamshire Studies: CH1/T/9/4 1514
D5001 Bucks Aylesbury, Centre for Buckinghamshire Studies: PR240/3/1 1517
D5005 Bucks Aylesbury, Centre for Buckinghamshire Studies: D108/2/2 1480
D5028#2 Bucks Aylesbury, Centre for Buckinghamshire Studies: BAS/705/39, dorse 1506
D5031 Suffolk Lowestoft, Suffolk RO: HA12/B2/2/5 1485
D5035 Suffolk Lowestoft, Suffolk RO: HA12/B2/17/3 1509
D5040#6 Suffolk Lowestoft, Suffolk Record Office: 116/E1/1, p. 8–9 1524
D5086 Berks Aylesbury, Centre for Buckinghamshire Studies: BAS 49/53 1509
D6001#1 Cambs Cambridge, Cambridgeshire Archives: P30/4/1, fol. 2r 1504
D6001#4 Cambs Cambridge, Cambridgeshire Archives: P30/4/1, fol. 13r 1525–26
D6001#8 Cambs Cambridge, Cambridgeshire Archives: P30/4/1, fol. 13v 1518
D6006 Cambs Cambridge, Cambridgeshire Archives: City/PB Box X/80 1446
D6010 Cambs Cambridge, Cambridgeshire Archives: City/PB Box X/76 1496
D6014#1 Cambs Oxford, Bodleian Library: Rawlinson C 541, fols 1r–15r (hand A) 1473
D6014#2 Cambs Oxford, Bodleian Library: Rawlinson C 541, fols 15v–16r (hand B) 1504
D6018 Cambs Cambridge, Cambridgeshire Archives: L1/29 nd
D6019 Cambs Cambridge, Kinga’s College: GDH/31 1478
D6025 Cambs Cambridge, King’s College: JEC/1 1518
D6026 Cambs Cambridge, King’s College: CAM/91 1447
D6037 Cambs Cambridge, King’s College: GDH/31 (1489) 1489
D6040 Cambs Cambridge, King’s College: DUN/80 (1522) 1522
D6041 Cambs Cambridge, King’s College: GRA/255 1498
D6042 Cambs Cambridge, King’s College: GRA/257 1519
D6044 Cambs Cambridge, King’s College: GRA/589 (#1) 1518
D6057 Cambs Cambridge, St John’s College: D24/215 1501
D6063 Cambs Cambridge, King’s College: GRA/702 1465–66
D6067 Cambs Cambridge, St John’s College: D19/136 1461
D6068 Cambs Cambridge, St John’s College: D17/115 1511
D6081 Cambs Cambridge, King’s College: KCD/94 1513
D6082 Cambs Cambridge, King’s College: GRA/701 1465–66
D6083 Cambs Cambridge, St. John’s College: D25/228 1501
D6086 Cambs Cambridge, King’s College: KCD/0095 1513
D6088#1 Cambs Cambridge, King’s College: GRA/264, fol 1r–22v 1436–37
D6088#2 Cambs Cambridge, King’s College: GRA/264, fol. 22v 1436–37
D6090 Cambs Cambridge, CUL: Luard 128 1466
D6094 Cambs Cambridge, CUL: Luard 145a 1503
D6096 Cambs Cambridge, CUL: D.III.7 1483
D6103 Cambs Cambridge, CUL: Luard 145 1503
D6105 Cambs Cambridge, CUL: Collect.Admin.9 pp. 286–300 1503
D6130 Cambs Cambridge, King’s College: CAM/3 1465
D6137#1 Cambs Cambridge, King’s College: CAM/121 1447
D6140 Cambs Cambridge, King’s College: KCA/343 1447–66
D6141#4 Cambs Cambridge, CUL: VCCt.Wills.1, fols 4v–6r 1503
D6141#6 Cambs Cambridge, CUL: VCCt.Wills.1, fols 11v–12r 1504
L0064#1 Cambs Cambridge, Trinity College 1343 (O.7.15) Hand A, pp. 1–36 1431
L0064#2 Cambs Cambridge, Trinity College 1343 (O.7.15) Hand B, pp. 37–40 nd
L0064#3 Cambs Cambridge, Trinity College 1343 (O.7.15) Hand C, pp. 41–42 nd
L0081 Lancs Shrewsbury, Shropshire Archives: 3232/13 1418
L0084a Derbys Sheffield, Sheffield Archives: Bowles Deeds 64 1477–78
L0084b Derbys Sheffield, Sheffield Archives: Bowles Deeds 65 1477–78
L0090 Warwicks Göttingen UL: Cod. MS Jurid. 822/1/8 1450
L0120 Wml Carlisle, Cumbria Archive Centre: D/Stan/26 1441
L0282 Cambs London, PRO SC 8/23/1143 A 1414
L0321 Lancs London, British Library: Add. 53080 1453–54
L0472a Durham Durham UL, Dean & Chapter muniments: Locellus 9.11 1446–49
L0586#1 Lancs Oxford, Bodleian Library: Rawlinson B 460 (The Black Book of Clayton), fols 91r.9–91v.14 nd
L0586#2 Lancs Oxford, Bodleian Library: Rawlinson B 460 (The Black Book of Clayton), fols 91v.15–93v.11 nd
L1130#1 YER Beverley, Humberside County RO, DDCC/19/I, fols 1v–3r.15 1473
L1130#2 YER Beverley, Humberside County RO, DDCC/19/I, fols 3r.15–4r.19 1473
L1130#3 YER Beverley, Humberside County RO, DDCC/19/I, fols 4r.20–4r.35 1473
L1130#4 YER Beverley, Humberside County RO, DDCC/19/I, fols 4v–6v 1473
L1140 Staffs Göttingen UL: Cod. MS Jurid. 822/1/5 1446
L1141 Staffs Göttingen UL: Cod. MS Jurid. 822/1/3 1446
L1142 Staffs Göttingen UL: Cod. MS Jurid. 822/1/7 1446
L1144 Cumb Carlisle, Cumbria Archive Centre: D/Mus/Penrith/Medieval Deeds nd
L1196 Cumb Carlisle, Cumbria Archive Centre: DMus/Edenhall 2/2/100 nd
L1225 Nhb Woodhorn, Northumberland Archives: ZSW/02/70 1505
L1234 Wml Kendal, Sizergh Castle: album no 21 of Henry VI 1430–31
L1257 YER Beverley, BC/II/2, Corporation Records: Town Cartulary nd
L1288 Wales Aberystwyth, NLW: Coed Coch 793 recto 1471
L1289 Wales Aberystwyth, NLW: Coed Coch 793 verso nd
L1363 Wales London, British Library: Cotton Cleopatra Fiii, fol. 104r 1411–12
Subjects

Linguistics

Historical linguistics
Germanic linguistics
Sociolinguistics and Dialectology
English linguistics
BIC Subject: CFF – Historical & comparative linguistics
BISAC Subject: LAN009010 – LANGUAGE ARTS & DISCIPLINES / Linguistics / Historical & Comparative
U.S. Library of Congress Control Number:  2020032626 | Marc record